GNU Emacs Manual

Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version 21.2. For information on extending Emacs, see section `Top' in The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.

Distribution		How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE		The GNU General Public License gives you permission to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; it also explains that there is no warranty.
A. GNU Free Documentation License		The license for this documentation.
Introduction		An introduction to Emacs concepts.
Glossary		The glossary.
AF. Emacs 20 Antinews		Information about Emacs version 20.
AG. Emacs and the Mac OS		Using Emacs in the Mac.
AH. Emacs and MS-DOS		Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG").
The GNU Manifesto		What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
AI. Acknowledgments		Major contributors to GNU Emacs.

Indexes (nodes containing large menus)

Key (Character) Index		An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
Command and Function Index		An item for each command name.
Variable Index		An item for each documented variable.
Concept Index		An item for each concept.
Command-Line Options Index		An item for every command-line option.

Important General Concepts

B. The Organization of the Screen		How to interpret what you see on the screen.
B.5 Kinds of User Input		Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, function keys).
B.6 Keys		Key sequences: what you type to request one editing action.
B.7 Keys and Commands		Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
B.8 Character Set for Text		Character set for text (the contents of buffers and strings).
C. Entering and Exiting Emacs		Starting Emacs from the shell.
C.1 Exiting Emacs		Stopping or killing Emacs.
AE. Command Line Arguments		Hairy startup options.

Fundamental Editing Commands

D. Basic Editing Commands		The most basic editing commands.
E. The Minibuffer		Entering arguments that are prompted for.
F. Running Commands by Name		Invoking commands by their names.
G. Help		Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.

Important Text-Changing Commands

H. The Mark and the Region		The mark: how to delimit a "region" of text.
H.7 Deletion and Killing		Killing text.
H.8 Yanking		Recovering killed text. Moving text.
H.9 Accumulating Text		Other ways of copying text.
H.10 Rectangles		Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
I. Registers		Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
J. Controlling the Display		Controlling what text is displayed.
K. Searching and Replacement		Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
L. Commands for Fixing Typos		Commands especially useful for fixing typos.

Major Structures of Emacs

M. File Handling		All about handling files.
N. Using Multiple Buffers		Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
O. Multiple Windows		Viewing two pieces of text at once.
P. Frames and X Windows		Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows.
Q. International Character Set Support		Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features).

Advanced Features

R. Major Modes		Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
S. Indentation		Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
T. Commands for Human Languages		Commands and modes for editing English.
U. Editing Programs		Commands and modes for editing programs.
V. Compiling and Testing Programs		Compiling, running and debugging programs.
W. Maintaining Programs		Features for maintaining large programs.
X. Abbrevs		How to define text abbreviations to reduce the number of characters you must type.
Y. Editing Pictures		Editing pictures made up of characters using the quarter-plane screen model.
Z. Sending Mail		Sending mail in Emacs.
AA. Reading Mail with Rmail		Reading mail in Emacs.
AB. Dired, the Directory Editor		You can "edit" a directory to manage files in it.
AC. The Calendar and the Diary		The calendar and diary facilities.
AC.14 Gnus		How to read netnews with Emacs.
AC.15 Running Shell Commands from Emacs		Executing shell commands from Emacs.
AC.16 Using Emacs as a Server		Using Emacs as an editing server for mail, etc.
AC.18 Hardcopy Output		Printing buffers or regions.
AC.19 PostScript Hardcopy		Printing buffers or regions as PostScript.
AC.20 Variables for PostScript Hardcopy		Customizing the PostScript printing commands.
AC.21 Sorting Text		Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
AC.22 Narrowing		Restricting display and editing to a portion of the buffer.
AC.23 Two-Column Editing		Splitting apart columns to edit them in side-by-side windows.
AC.24 Editing Binary Files		Using Hexl mode to edit binary files.
AC.25 Saving Emacs Sessions		Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
AC.26 Recursive Editing Levels		A command can allow you to do editing

  "within the command".  This is called a
  "recursive editing level".

AC.27 Emulation		Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
AC.28 Hyperlinking and Navigation Features		Following links in buffers.
AC.29 Dissociated Press		Dissociating text for fun.
AC.30 Other Amusements		Various games and hacks.
AD. Customization		Modifying the behavior of Emacs.

Recovery from Problems

AD.8 Quitting and Aborting		Quitting and aborting.
AD.9 Dealing with Emacs Trouble		What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
AD.10 Reporting Bugs		How and when to report a bug.
AD.11 Contributing to Emacs Development		How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
AD.12 How To Get Help with GNU Emacs		How to get help for your own Emacs needs.

Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones
already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:

 -- The Detailed Node Listing ---

The Organization of the Screen

B.1 Point		The place in the text where editing commands operate.
B.2 The Echo Area		Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
B.3 The Mode Line		Interpreting the mode line.
B.4 The Menu Bar		How to use the menu bar.

Basic Editing Commands

D.1 Inserting Text		Inserting text by simply typing it.
D.2 Changing the Location of Point		How to move the cursor to the place where you want to change something.
D.3 Erasing Text		Deleting and killing text.
D.4 Undoing Changes		Undoing recent changes in the text.
D.5 Files		Visiting, creating, and saving files.
D.6 Help		Asking what a character does.
D.7 Blank Lines		Commands to make or delete blank lines.
D.8 Continuation Lines		Lines too wide for the screen.
D.9 Cursor Position Information		What page, line, row, or column is point on?
D.10 Numeric Arguments		Numeric arguments for repeating a command.

The Minibuffer

E.1 Minibuffers for File Names		Entering file names with the minibuffer.
E.2 Editing in the Minibuffer		How to edit in the minibuffer.
E.3 Completion		An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
E.4 Minibuffer History		Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
E.5 Repeating Minibuffer Commands		Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.

Help

G.1 Help Summary		Brief list of all Help commands.
G.2 Documentation for a Key		Asking what a key does in Emacs.
G.3 Help by Command or Variable Name		Asking about a command, variable or function name.
G.4 Apropos		Asking what pertains to a given topic.
G.5 Keyword Search for Lisp Libraries		Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
G.6 Help for International Language Support		Help relating to international language support.
G.8 Other Help Commands		Other help commands.

The Mark and the Region

H.1 Setting the Mark		Commands to set the mark.
H.2 Transient Mark Mode		How to make Emacs highlight the region-- when there is one.
H.3 Operating on the Region		Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
H.4 Commands to Mark Textual Objects		Commands to put region around textual units.
H.5 The Mark Ring		Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
H.6 The Global Mark Ring		Previous mark positions in various buffers.

Deletion and Killing

H.7.1 Deletion		Commands for deleting small amounts of text and blank areas.
H.7.2 Killing by Lines		How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
H.7.3 Other Kill Commands		Commands to kill large regions of text and syntactic units such as words and sentences.

Yanking

H.8.1 The Kill Ring		Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking.
H.8.2 Appending Kills		Several kills in a row all yank together.
H.8.3 Yanking Earlier Kills		Yanking something killed some time ago.

Registers

I.1 Saving Positions in Registers		Saving positions in registers.
I.2 Saving Text in Registers		Saving text in registers.
I.3 Saving Rectangles in Registers		Saving rectangles in registers.
I.4 Saving Window Configurations in Registers		Saving window configurations in registers.
I.6 Keeping File Names in Registers		File names in registers.
I.7 Bookmarks		Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.

Controlling the Display

J.6 Scrolling		Moving text up and down in a window.
J.7 Horizontal Scrolling		Moving text left and right in a window.
J.8 Follow Mode		Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
J.9 Selective Display		Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
J.10 Optional Mode Line Features		Optional mode line display features.
J.11 How Text Is Displayed		How text is normally displayed.
J.12 Customization of Display		Information on variables for customizing display.

Searching and Replacement

K.1 Incremental Search		Search happens as you type the string.
K.2 Nonincremental Search		Specify entire string and then search.
K.3 Word Search		Search for sequence of words.
K.4 Regular Expression Search		Search for match for a regexp.
K.5 Syntax of Regular Expressions		Syntax of regular expressions.
K.6 Searching and Case		To ignore case while searching, or not.
K.7 Replacement Commands		Search, and replace some or all matches.
K.8 Other Search-and-Loop Commands		Operating on all matches for some regexp.

Replacement Commands

K.7.1 Unconditional Replacement		Replacing all matches for a string.
K.7.2 Regexp Replacement		Replacing all matches for a regexp.
K.7.3 Replace Commands and Case		How replacements preserve case of letters.
K.7.4 Query Replace		How to use querying.

Commands for Fixing Typos

L.1 Killing Your Mistakes		Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
L.2 Transposing Text		Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
L.3 Case Conversion		Correcting case of last word entered.
L.4 Checking and Correcting Spelling		Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer.

File Handling

M.1 File Names		How to type and edit file-name arguments.
M.2 Visiting Files		Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
M.3 Saving Files		Saving makes your changes permanent.
M.4 Reverting a Buffer		Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
M.5 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters		Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
M.6 File Name Aliases		Handling multiple names for one file.
M.7 Version Control		Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS).
M.8 File Directories		Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
M.9 Comparing Files		Finding where two files differ.
M.10 Miscellaneous File Operations		Other things you can do on files.
M.11 Accessing Compressed Files		Accessing compressed files.
M.13 Remote Files		Accessing files on other sites.
M.14 Quoted File Names		Quoting special characters in file names.

Saving Files

M.3.1 Backup Files		How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
M.3.2 Protection against Simultaneous Editing		How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing of one file by two users.

Version Control

M.7.1 Introduction to Version Control		How version control works in general.
M.7.2 Version Control and the Mode Line		How the mode line shows version control status.
M.7.3 Basic Editing under Version Control		How to edit a file under version control.
M.7.4 Examining And Comparing Old Versions		Examining and comparing old versions.
M.7.5 The Secondary Commands of VC		The commands used a little less frequently.
M.7.6 Multiple Branches of a File		Multiple lines of development.
M.7.8 Snapshots		Sets of file versions treated as a unit.
M.7.9 Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC		Various other commands and features of VC.
M.7.10 Customizing VC		Variables that change VC's behavior.

Using Multiple Buffers

N.1 Creating and Selecting Buffers		Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
N.2 Listing Existing Buffers		Getting a list of buffers that exist.
N.3 Miscellaneous Buffer Operations		Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text.
N.4 Killing Buffers		Killing buffers you no longer need.
N.5 Operating on Several Buffers		How to go through the list of all buffers and operate variously on several of them.
N.6 Indirect Buffers		An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.

Multiple Windows

O.1 Concepts of Emacs Windows		Introduction to Emacs windows.
O.2 Splitting Windows		New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
O.3 Using Other Windows		Moving to another window or doing something to it.
O.4 Displaying in Another Window		Finding a file or buffer in another window.
O.5 Forcing Display in the Same Window		Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected window rather than in another window.
O.6 Deleting and Rearranging Windows		Deleting windows and changing their sizes.

Frames and X Windows

P.1 Mouse Commands for Editing		Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse.
P.2 Secondary Selection		Cutting without altering point and mark.
P.3 Using the Clipboard		Using the clipboard for selections.
P.4 Following References with the Mouse		Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
P.5 Mouse Clicks for Menus		Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
P.6 Mode Line Mouse Commands		Mouse clicks on the mode line.
P.7 Creating Frames		Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
P.8 Frame Commands		Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames.
P.9 Making and Using a Speedbar Frame		How to make and use a speedbar frame.
P.10 Multiple Displays		How one Emacs job can talk to several displays.
P.11 Special Buffer Frames		You can make certain buffers have their own frames.
P.12 Setting Frame Parameters		Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
P.13 Scroll Bars		How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
P.14 Scrolling With "Wheeled" Mice		Using mouse wheels for scrolling.
P.15 Menu Bars		Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
P.16 Tool Bars		Enabling and disabling the tool bar.
P.17 Using Dialog Boxes		Controlling use of dialog boxes.
J.1 Using Multiple Typefaces		How to change the display style using faces.
J.2 Font Lock mode		Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
J.3 Highlight Changes Mode		Using colors to show where you changed the buffer.
J.4 Interactive Highlighting by Matching		Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
J.5 Trailing Whitespace		Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace.
P.18 Tooltips (or "Balloon Help")		Showing "tooltips", AKA "ballon help" for active text.
P.19 Mouse Avoidance		Moving the mouse pointer out of the way.
P.20 Non-Window Terminals		Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
P.21 Using a Mouse in Terminal Emulators		Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator.

International Character Set Support

Q.1 Introduction to International Character Sets		Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
Q.2 Enabling Multibyte Characters		Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
Q.3 Language Environments		Setting things up for the language you use.
Q.4 Input Methods		Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
Q.5 Selecting an Input Method		Specifying your choice of input methods.
Q.7 Coding Systems		Character set conversion when you read and write files, and so on.
Q.8 Recognizing Coding Systems		How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
Q.9 Specifying a Coding System		Various ways to choose which conversion to use.
Q.10 Fontsets		Fontsets are collections of fonts that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
Q.11 Defining fontsets		Defining a new fontset.
Q.13 Single-byte Character Set Support		You can pick one European character set to use without multibyte characters.

Major Modes

R.1 How Major Modes are Chosen

How major modes are specified or chosen.

Indentation

S.1 Indentation Commands and Techniques		Various commands and techniques for indentation.
S.2 Tab Stops		You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
S.3 Tabs vs. Spaces		You can request indentation using just spaces.

Commands for Human Languages

T.1 Words		Moving over and killing words.
T.2 Sentences		Moving over and killing sentences.
T.3 Paragraphs		Moving over paragraphs.
T.4 Pages		Moving over pages.
T.5 Filling Text		Filling or justifying text.
T.6 Case Conversion Commands		Changing the case of text.
T.7 Text Mode		The major modes for editing text files.
T.8 Outline Mode		Editing outlines.
T.9 TeX Mode		Editing input to the formatter TeX.
T.10 Nroff Mode		Editing input to the formatter nroff.
T.11 Editing Formatted Text		Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion.

Filling Text

T.5.1 Auto Fill Mode		Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
T.5.3 Explicit Fill Commands		Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
T.5.4 The Fill Prefix		Filling paragraphs that are indented or in a comment, etc.
T.5.5 Adaptive Filling		How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.

Editing Programs

U.1 Major Modes for Programming Languages		Major modes for editing programs.
U.2 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns		Commands to operate on major top-level parts of a program.
U.3 Indentation for Programs		Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
U.5 Manipulating Comments		Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
U.4 Commands for Editing with Parentheses		Commands that operate on parentheses.
U.6 Documentation Lookup		Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
U.7 Hideshow minor mode		Displaying blocks selectively.
U.8 Completion for Symbol Names		Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
U.9 Glasses minor mode		Making identifiersLikeThis more readable.
U.10 Other Features Useful for Editing Programs		Other Emacs features useful for editing programs.
U.11 C and Related Modes		Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, Java, and Pike modes.
U.12 Fortran Mode		Fortran mode and its special features.
U.13 Asm Mode		Asm mode and its special features.

Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns

U.2.1 Left Margin Convention		An open-paren or similar opening delimiter starts a defun if it is at the left margin.
U.2.2 Moving by Defuns		Commands to move over or mark a major definition.
U.2.3 Imenu		Making buffer indexes as menus.
U.2.4 Which Function Mode		Which Function mode shows which function you are in.

Indentation for Programs

U.3.1 Basic Program Indentation Commands		Indenting a single line.
U.3.2 Indenting Several Lines		Commands to reindent many lines at once.
U.3.3 Customizing Lisp Indentation		Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
U.3.4 Commands for C Indentation		Extra features for indenting C and related modes.
U.3.5 Customizing C Indentation		Controlling indentation style for C and related modes.

Commands for Editing with Parentheses

U.4.1 Expressions with Balanced Parentheses		Expressions with balanced parentheses.
U.4.2 Moving in the Parenthesis Structure		Commands for moving up, down and across in the structure of parentheses.
U.4.3 Automatic Display Of Matching Parentheses		Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.

Manipulating Comments

U.5.1 Comment Commands		Inserting, killing, and indenting comments.
U.5.2 Multiple Lines of Comments		Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments.
U.5.3 Options Controlling Comments		Customizing the comment features.

Documentation Lookup

U.6.1 Info Documentation Lookup		Looking up library functions and commands in Info files.
U.6.2 Man Page Lookup		Looking up man pages of library functions and commands.
U.6.3 Emacs Lisp Documentation Lookup		Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc.

C and Related Modes

U.11.1 C Mode Motion Commands		Commands to move by C statements, etc.
U.11.2 Electric C Characters		Colon and other chars can automatically reindent.
U.11.3 Hungry Delete Feature in C		A more powerful DEL command.
U.11.4 Other Commands for C Mode		Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, and other neat features.
U.11.5 Comments in C Modes		Options for customizing comment style.

Fortran Mode

U.12.1 Motion Commands		Moving point by statements or subprograms.
U.12.2 Fortran Indentation		Indentation commands for Fortran.
U.12.3 Fortran Comments		Inserting and aligning comments.
U.12.4 Fortran Auto Fill Mode		Auto fill minor mode for Fortran.
U.12.5 Checking Columns in Fortran		Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
U.12.6 Fortran Keyword Abbrevs		Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.

Compiling and Testing Programs

V.1 Running Compilations under Emacs		Compiling programs in languages other than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
V.3 Compilation Mode		The mode for visiting compiler errors.
V.4 Subshells for Compilation		Customizing your shell properly for use in the compilation buffer.
V.5 Running Debuggers Under Emacs		Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
V.6 Executing Lisp Expressions		Various modes for editing Lisp programs, with different facilities for running the Lisp programs.
V.7 Libraries of Lisp Code for Emacs		Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
V.9 Lisp Interaction Buffers		Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
V.8 Evaluating Emacs-Lisp Expressions		Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
V.10 Running an External Lisp		Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.

Running Debuggers Under Emacs

V.5.1 Starting GUD		How to start a debugger subprocess.
V.5.2 Debugger Operation		Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
V.5.3 Commands of GUD		Key bindings for common commands.
V.5.4 GUD Customization		Defining your own commands for GUD.

Maintaining Programs

W.1 Change Logs		Maintaining a change history for your program.
W.2 Tags Tables		Go direct to any function in your program in one command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
W.3 Merging Files with Emerge		A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.

Tags Tables

W.2.1 Source File Tag Syntax		Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
W.2.2 Creating Tags Tables		Creating a tags table with etags.
W.2.4 Selecting a Tags Table		How to visit a tags table.
W.2.5 Finding a Tag		Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
W.2.6 Searching and Replacing with Tags Tables		Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
W.2.7 Tags Table Inquiries		Listing and finding tags defined in a file.

Merging Files with Emerge

W.3.1 Overview of Emerge		How to start Emerge. Basic concepts.
W.3.2 Submodes of Emerge		Fast mode vs. Edit mode. Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode.
W.3.3 State of a Difference		You do the merge by specifying state A or B for each difference.
W.3.4 Merge Commands		Commands for selecting a difference, changing states of differences, etc.
W.3.5 Exiting Emerge		What to do when you've finished the merge.
W.3.6 Combining the Two Versions		How to keep both alternatives for a difference.
W.3.7 Fine Points of Emerge		Misc.

Abbrevs

X.1 Abbrev Concepts		Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
X.2 Defining Abbrevs		Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
X.3 Controlling Abbrev Expansion		Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
X.4 Examining and Editing Abbrevs		Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
X.5 Saving Abbrevs		Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
X.6 Dynamic Abbrev Expansion		Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.

Editing Pictures

Y.1 Basic Editing in Picture Mode		Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
Y.2 Controlling Motion after Insert		Controlling direction of cursor motion after "self-inserting" characters.
Y.3 Picture Mode Tabs		Various features for tab stops and indentation.
Y.4 Picture Mode Rectangle Commands		Clearing and superimposing rectangles.

Sending Mail

Z.1 The Format of the Mail Buffer		Format of the mail being composed.
Z.2 Mail Header Fields		Details of permitted mail header fields.
Z.3 Mail Aliases		Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses.
Z.4 Mail Mode		Special commands for editing mail being composed.
Z.5 Mail Amusements		Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg.
Z.6 Mail-Composition Methods		Using alternative mail-composition methods.

Reading Mail with Rmail

AA.1 Basic Concepts of Rmail		Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use.
AA.2 Scrolling Within a Message		Scrolling through a message.
AA.3 Moving Among Messages		Moving to another message.
AA.4 Deleting Messages		Deleting and expunging messages.
AA.5 Rmail Files and Inboxes		How mail gets into the Rmail file.
AA.6 Multiple Rmail Files		Using multiple Rmail files.
AA.7 Copying Messages Out to Files		Copying message out to files.
AA.8 Labels		Classifying messages by labeling them.
AA.9 Rmail Attributes		Certain standard labels, called attributes.
AA.10 Sending Replies		Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
AA.11 Summaries		Summaries show brief info on many messages.
AA.12 Sorting the Rmail File		Sorting messages in Rmail.
AA.13 Display of Messages		How Rmail displays a message; customization.
AA.15 Editing Within a Message		Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
AA.16 Digest Messages		Extracting the messages from a digest message.
AA.17 Converting an Rmail File to Inbox Format		Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format.
AA.18 Reading Rot13 Messages		Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code.
AA.19 movemail and POP		More details of fetching new mail.

Dired, the Directory Editor

AB.1 Entering Dired		How to invoke Dired.
AB.2 Navigation in the Dired Buffer		How to move in the Dired buffer.
AB.3 Deleting Files with Dired		Deleting files with Dired.
AB.4 Flagging Many Files at Once		Flagging files based on their names.
AB.5 Visiting Files in Dired		Other file operations through Dired.
AB.6 Dired Marks vs. Flags		Flagging for deletion vs marking.
AB.7 Operating on Files		How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. either one file or several files.
AB.8 Shell Commands in Dired		Running a shell command on the marked files.
AB.9 Transforming File Names in Dired		Using patterns to rename multiple files.
AB.10 File Comparison with Dired		Running `diff' by way of Dired.
AB.11 Subdirectories in Dired		Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
AB.12 Moving Over Subdirectories		Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
AB.13 Hiding Subdirectories		Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
AB.14 Updating the Dired Buffer		Discarding lines for files of no interest.
AB.15 Dired and find		Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.

The Calendar and the Diary

AC.1 Movement in the Calendar		Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
AC.2 Scrolling in the Calendar		Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
AC.3 Counting Days		How many days are there between two dates?
AC.4 Miscellaneous Calendar Commands		Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
AC.5 LaTeX Calendar		Print a calendar using LaTeX.
AC.6 Holidays		Displaying dates of holidays.
AC.7 Times of Sunrise and Sunset		Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
AC.8 Phases of the Moon		Displaying phases of the moon.
AC.9 Conversion To and From Other Calendars		Converting dates to other calendar systems.
AC.10 The Diary		Displaying events from your diary.
AC.11 Appointments		Reminders when it's time to do something.
AC.12 Daylight Savings Time		How to specify when daylight savings time is active.

Movement in the Calendar

AC.1.1 Motion by Standard Lengths of Time		Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
AC.1.2 Beginning or End of Week, Month or Year		Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
AC.1.3 Specified Dates		Moving to the current date or another specific date.

Conversion To and From Other Calendars

AC.9.1 Supported Calendar Systems

The calendars Emacs understands

     (aside from Gregorian).

AC.9.2 Converting To Other Calendars		Converting the selected date to various calendars.
AC.9.3 Converting From Other Calendars		Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
AC.9.4 Converting from the Mayan Calendar		Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.

The Diary

AC.10.1 Commands Displaying Diary Entries		Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
AC.10.2 The Diary File		Entering events in your diary.
AC.10.3 Date Formats		Various ways you can specify dates.
AC.10.4 Commands to Add to the Diary		Commands to create diary entries.
AC.10.5 Special Diary Entries		Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.

GNUS

AC.14.1 Gnus Buffers		The group, summary, and article buffers.
AC.14.2 When Gnus Starts Up		What you should know about starting Gnus.
AC.14.3 Summary of Gnus Commands		A short description of the basic Gnus commands.

Running Shell Commands from Emacs

AC.15.1 Single Shell Commands		How to run one shell command and return.
AC.15.2 Interactive Inferior Shell		Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
AC.15.3 Shell Mode		Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
AC.15.4 Shell Command History		Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
AC.15.6 Shell Mode Options		Options for customizing Shell mode.
AC.15.10 Remote Host Shell		Connecting to another computer.

Customization

AD.1 Minor Modes		Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on independently of any others.
AD.2 Variables		Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables to decide what to do; by setting variables, you can control their functioning.
AD.3 Keyboard Macros		A keyboard macro records a sequence of keystrokes to be replayed with a single command.
AD.4 Customizing Key Bindings		The keymaps say what command each key runs. By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
AD.5 Keyboard Translations		If your keyboard passes an undesired code for a key, you can tell Emacs to substitute another code.
AD.6 The Syntax Table		The syntax table controls how words and expressions are parsed.
AD.7 The Init File, `~/.emacs'		How to write common customizations in the

  `.emacs' file. 

Variables

AD.2.1 Examining and Setting Variables		Examining or setting one variable's value.
AD.2.2 Easy Customization Interface		Convenient and easy customization of variables.
AD.2.3 Hooks		Hook variables let you specify programs for parts of Emacs to run on particular occasions.
AD.2.4 Local Variables		Per-buffer values of variables.
AD.2.5 Local Variables in Files		How files can specify variable values.

Keyboard Macros

AD.3.1 Basic Use		Defining and running keyboard macros.
AD.3.2 Naming and Saving Keyboard Macros		Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
AD.3.3 Executing Macros with Variations		Making keyboard macros do different things each time.

Customizing Key Bindings

AD.4.1 Keymaps		Generalities. The global keymap.
AD.4.2 Prefix Keymaps		Keymaps for prefix keys.
AD.4.3 Local Keymaps		Major and minor modes have their own keymaps.
AD.4.4 Minibuffer Keymaps		The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps.
AD.4.5 Changing Key Bindings Interactively		How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
AD.4.6 Rebinding Keys in Your Init File		Rebinding keys with your init file, `.emacs'.
AD.4.7 Rebinding Function Keys		Rebinding terminal function keys.
AD.4.8 Named ASCII Control Characters		Distinguishing TAB from C-i, and so on.
AD.4.10 Rebinding Mouse Buttons		Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
AD.4.11 Disabling Commands		Disabling a command means confirmation is required before it can be executed. This is done to protect beginners from surprises.

The Init File, `~/.emacs'

AD.7.1 Init File Syntax		Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
AD.7.2 Init File Examples		How to do some things with an init file.
AD.7.3 Terminal-specific Initialization		Each terminal type can have an init file.
AD.7.4 How Emacs Finds Your Init File		How Emacs finds the init file.

Dealing with Emacs Trouble

AD.9.1 If DEL Fails to Delete		What to do if DEL doesn't delete.
AD.9.2 Recursive Editing Levels		`[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
AD.9.3 Garbage on the Screen		Garbage on the screen.
AD.9.4 Garbage in the Text		Garbage in the text.
AD.9.5 Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search		Spontaneous entry to incremental search.
AD.9.6 Running out of Memory		How to cope when you run out of memory.
AD.9.8 Emergency Escape		Emergency escape--- What to do if Emacs stops responding.
AD.9.9 Help for Total Frustration		When you are at your wits' end.

Reporting Bugs

AD.10.1 When Is There a Bug		Have you really found a bug?
AD.10.2 Understanding Bug Reporting		How to report a bug effectively.
AD.10.3 Checklist for Bug Reports		Steps to follow for a good bug report.
AD.10.4 Sending Patches for GNU Emacs		How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.

Command Line Options and Arguments

AE.1 Action Arguments		Arguments to visit files, load libraries, and call functions.
AE.2 Initial Options		Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
AE.3 Command Argument Example		Examples of using command line arguments.
AE.4 Resuming Emacs with Arguments		Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
AE.5 Environment Variables		Environment variables that Emacs uses.

AE.6 Specifying the Display Name		Changing the default display and using remote login.
AE.7 Font Specification Options		Choosing a font for text, under X.
AE.8 Window Color Options		Choosing colors, under X.
AE.9 Options for Window Geometry		Start-up window size, under X.
AE.10 Internal and External Borders		Internal and external borders, under X.
AE.11 Frame Titles		Specifying the initial frame's title.
AE.12 Icons		Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
AE.13 X Resources		Advanced use of classes and resources, under X.
AE.14 Lucid Menu X Resources		X resources for Lucid menus.
AE.15 LessTif Menu X Resources		X resources for LessTif and Motif menus.

Environment Variables

AE.5.1 General Variables		Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
AE.5.2 Miscellaneous Variables		Certain system specific variables.

MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT

AH.1 Keyboard and Mouse on MS-DOS		Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS.
AH.2 Display on MS-DOS		Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS.
AH.3 File Names on MS-DOS		File-name conventions on MS-DOS.
AH.4 Text Files and Binary Files		Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines.
AH.5 Printing and MS-DOS		How to specify the printer on MS-DOS.
AH.7 Subprocesses on MS-DOS		Running subprocesses on MS-DOS.
AH.8 Subprocesses on Windows 9X/ME and Windows NT/2K		Running subprocesses on Windows.
AH.9 Using the System Menu on Windows		Controlling what the ALT key does.

Distribution

GNU Emacs is free software; this means that everyone is free to use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also appears following this section.

One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file `etc/FTP' in the Emacs distribution for more information.

You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.

You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation on CD-ROM. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in the file `etc/ORDERS' in the Emacs distribution, and on our web site in http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html. For further information, write to

Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA USA

The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our existing programs including GNU Emacs.

If you find GNU Emacs useful, please send a donation to the Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates.

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.

We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.

Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.

Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.

1. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program," below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification.") Each licensee is addressed as "you."

   Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

2. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.

   You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.

3. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
   1. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

   2. You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.

   3. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)

   These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

   Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.

   In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.

4. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
   1. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

   2. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

   3. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

   The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.

   If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

5. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

6. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.

7. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.

8. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

   If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.

   It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.

   This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.

9. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

10. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

    Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version," you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

11. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
    NO WARRANTY

12. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

13. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does. Copyright (C) 19yy name of author This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20yy name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:

Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.

A. GNU Free Documentation License

Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

1. PREAMBLE

   The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

   This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

   We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

2. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you."

   A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.

   A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

   The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.

   The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.

   A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque."

   Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standa