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25.4.5.2 Using Connector/J with J2EE and Other Java Frameworks »
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25.4.5.1. Basic JDBC Concepts

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25.4.5.1.1. Connecting to MySQL Using the DriverManager Interface
25.4.5.1.2. Using Statements to Execute SQL
25.4.5.1.3. Using CallableStatements to Execute Stored Procedures
25.4.5.1.4. Retrieving AUTO_INCREMENT Column Values

This section provides some general JDBC background.

25.4.5.1.1. Connecting to MySQL Using the DriverManager Interface

When you are using JDBC outside of an application server, the DriverManager class manages the establishment of Connections.

The DriverManager needs to be told which JDBC drivers it should try to make Connections with. The easiest way to do this is to use Class.forName() on the class that implements the java.sql.Driver interface. With MySQL Connector/J, the name of this class is com.mysql.jdbc.Driver. With this method, you could use an external configuration file to supply the driver class name and driver parameters to use when connecting to a database.

The following section of Java code shows how you might register MySQL Connector/J from the main() method of your application: 

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;

// Notice, do not import com.mysql.jdbc.*
// or you will have problems!

public class LoadDriver {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            // The newInstance() call is a work around for some
            // broken Java implementations

            Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver").newInstance();
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            // handle the error
        }
}

After the driver has been registered with the DriverManager, you can obtain a Connection instance that is connected to a particular database by calling DriverManager.getConnection():

Ejemplo 25.1. Obtaining a connection from the DriverManager

This example shows how you can obtain a Connection instance from the DriverManager. There are a few different signatures for the getConnection() method. You should see the API documentation that comes with your JDK for more specific information on how to use them. 

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;

...
try {
    Connection conn = 
       DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost/test?" + 
                                   "user=monty&password=greatsqldb");

    // Do something with the Connection

   ...
} catch (SQLException ex) {
    // handle any errors
    System.out.println("SQLException: " + ex.getMessage());
    System.out.println("SQLState: " + ex.getSQLState());
    System.out.println("VendorError: " + ex.getErrorCode());
}

Once a Connection is established, it can be used to create Statement and PreparedStatement objects, as well as retrieve metadata about the database. This is explained in the following sections.

25.4.5.1.2. Using Statements to Execute SQL

Statement objects allow you to execute basic SQL queries and retrieve the results through the ResultSet class which is described later.

To create a Statement instance, you call the createStatement() method on the Connection object you have retrieved via one of the DriverManager.getConnection() or DataSource.getConnection() methods described earlier.

Once you have a Statement instance, you can execute a SELECT query by calling the executeQuery(String) method with the SQL you want to use.

To update data in the database, use the executeUpdate(String SQL) method. This method returns the number of rows affected by the update statement.

If you don't know ahead of time whether the SQL statement will be a SELECT or an UPDATE/INSERT, then you can use the execute(String SQL) method. This method will return true if the SQL query was a SELECT, or false if it was an UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE statement. If the statement was a SELECT query, you can retrieve the results by calling the getResultSet() method. If the statement was an UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE statement, you can retrieve the affected rows count by calling getUpdateCount() on the Statement instance.

Ejemplo 25.2. Using java.sql.Statement to execute a SELECT query

// assume that conn is an already created JDBC connection
Statement stmt = null;
ResultSet rs = null;

try {
    stmt = conn.createStatement();
    rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT foo FROM bar");

    // or alternatively, if you don't know ahead of time that
    // the query will be a SELECT...

    if (stmt.execute("SELECT foo FROM bar")) {
        rs = stmt.getResultSet();
    }

    // Now do something with the ResultSet ....
} finally {
    // it is a good idea to release
    // resources in a finally{} block
    // in reverse-order of their creation
    // if they are no-longer needed

    if (rs != null) {
        try {
            rs.close();
        } catch (SQLException sqlEx) { // ignore }

        rs = null;
    }

    if (stmt != null) {
        try {
            stmt.close();
        } catch (SQLException sqlEx) { // ignore }

        stmt = null;
    }
}
25.4.5.1.3. Using CallableStatements to Execute Stored Procedures

Starting with MySQL server version 5.0 when used with Connector/J 3.1.1 or newer, the java.sql.CallableStatement interface is fully implemented with the exception of the getParameterMetaData() method.

See Capítulo 19, Procedimientos almacenados y funciones, for more information on MySQL stored procedures.

Connector/J exposes stored procedure functionality through JDBC's CallableStatement interface.

Note.  Current versions of MySQL server do not return enough information for the JDBC driver to provide result set metadata for callable statements. This means that when using CallableStatement, ResultSetMetaData may return NULL.

The following example shows a stored procedure that returns the value of inOutParam incremented by 1, and the string passed in via inputParam as a ResultSet:

Ejemplo 25.3. Stored Procedures

CREATE PROCEDURE demoSp(IN inputParam VARCHAR(255), \ 
                                        INOUT inOutParam INT)
BEGIN
    DECLARE z INT;
    SET z = inOutParam + 1;
    SET inOutParam = z;

    SELECT inputParam;

    SELECT CONCAT('zyxw', inputParam);
END

To use the demoSp procedure with Connector/J, follow these steps:

  1. Prepare the callable statement by using Connection.prepareCall() .

    Notice that you have to use JDBC escape syntax, and that the parentheses surrounding the parameter placeholders are not optional:

    Ejemplo 25.4. Using Connection.prepareCall()

    import java.sql.CallableStatement;

...

    //
    // Prepare a call to the stored procedure 'demoSp'
    // with two parameters
    //
    // Notice the use of JDBC-escape syntax ({call ...})
    //

    CallableStatement cStmt = conn.prepareCall("{call demoSp(?, ?)}");



    cStmt.setString(1, "abcdefg");

    Note.  Connection.prepareCall() is an expensive method, due to the metadata retrieval that the driver performs to support output parameters. For performance reasons, you should try to minimize unnecessary calls to Connection.prepareCall() by reusing CallableStatement instances in your code.

  2. Register the output parameters (if any exist)

    To retrieve the values of output parameters (parameters specified as OUT or INOUT when you created the stored procedure), JDBC requires that they be specified before statement execution using the various registerOutputParameter() methods in the CallableStatement interface:

    Ejemplo 25.5. Registering output parameters

    import java.sql.Types;
...
//
// Connector/J supports both named and indexed
// output parameters. You can register output
// parameters using either method, as well
// as retrieve output parameters using either
// method, regardless of what method was
// used to register them.
//
// The following examples show how to use
// the various methods of registering
// output parameters (you should of course
// use only one registration per parameter).
//

//
// Registers the second parameter as output, and
// uses the type 'INTEGER' for values returned from
// getObject()
//

cStmt.registerOutParameter(2, Types.INTEGER);

//
// Registers the named parameter 'inOutParam', and
// uses the type 'INTEGER' for values returned from
// getObject()
//

cStmt.registerOutParameter("inOutParam", Types.INTEGER);
...

  3. Set the input parameters (if any exist)

    Input and in/out parameters are set as for PreparedStatement objects. However, CallableStatement also supports setting parameters by name:

    Ejemplo 25.6. Setting CallableStatement input parameters

    ...

    //
    // Set a parameter by index
    //

    cStmt.setString(1, "abcdefg");

    //
    // Alternatively, set a parameter using
    // the parameter name
    //

    cStmt.setString("inputParameter", "abcdefg");

    //
    // Set the 'in/out' parameter using an index
    //

    cStmt.setInt(2, 1);

    //
    // Alternatively, set the 'in/out' parameter
    // by name
    //

    cStmt.setInt("inOutParam", 1);

...

  4. Execute the CallableStatement, and retrieve any result sets or output parameters.

    Although CallableStatement supports calling any of the Statement execute methods (executeUpdate(), executeQuery() or execute()), the most flexible method to call is execute(), as you do not need to know ahead of time if the stored procedure returns result sets:

    Ejemplo 25.7. Retrieving results and output parameter values

    ...

    boolean hadResults = cStmt.execute();

    //
    // Process all returned result sets
    //

    while (hadResults) {
        ResultSet rs = cStmt.getResultSet();

        // process result set
        ...

        hadResults = rs.getMoreResults();
    }

    //
    // Retrieve output parameters
    //
    // Connector/J supports both index-based and
    // name-based retrieval
    //

    int outputValue = cStmt.getInt(2); // index-based

    outputValue = cStmt.getInt("inOutParam"); // name-based

...

25.4.5.1.4. Retrieving AUTO_INCREMENT Column Values

Before version 3.0 of the JDBC API, there was no standard way of retrieving key values from databases that supported auto increment or identity columns. With older JDBC drivers for MySQL, you could always use a MySQL-specific method on the Statement interface, or issue the query SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID() after issuing an INSERT to a table that had an AUTO_INCREMENT key. Using the MySQL-specific method call isn't portable, and issuing a SELECT to get the AUTO_INCREMENT key's value requires another round-trip to the database, which isn't as efficient as possible. The following code snippets demonstrate the three different ways to retrieve AUTO_INCREMENT values. First, we demonstrate the use of the new JDBC-3.0 method getGeneratedKeys() which is now the preferred method to use if you need to retrieve AUTO_INCREMENT keys and have access to JDBC-3.0. The second example shows how you can retrieve the same value using a standard SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID() query. The final example shows how updatable result sets can retrieve the AUTO_INCREMENT value when using the insertRow() method.

Ejemplo 25.8. Retrieving AUTO_INCREMENT column values using Statement.getGeneratedKeys()

   Statement stmt = null;
   ResultSet rs = null;

   try {

    //
    // Create a Statement instance that we can use for
    // 'normal' result sets assuming you have a
    // Connection 'conn' to a MySQL database already
    // available

    stmt = conn.createStatement(java.sql.ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,
                                java.sql.ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);

    //
    // Issue the DDL queries for the table for this example
    //

    stmt.executeUpdate("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS autoIncTutorial");
    stmt.executeUpdate(
            "CREATE TABLE autoIncTutorial ("
            + "priKey INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, "
            + "dataField VARCHAR(64), PRIMARY KEY (priKey))");

    //
    // Insert one row that will generate an AUTO INCREMENT
    // key in the 'priKey' field
    //

    stmt.executeUpdate(
            "INSERT INTO autoIncTutorial (dataField) "
            + "values ('Can I Get the Auto Increment Field?')",
            Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);

    //
    // Example of using Statement.getGeneratedKeys()
    // to retrieve the value of an auto-increment
    // value
    //

    int autoIncKeyFromApi = -1;

    rs = stmt.getGeneratedKeys();

    if (rs.next()) {
        autoIncKeyFromApi = rs.getInt(1);
    } else {

        // throw an exception from here
    }

    rs.close();

    rs = null;

    System.out.println("Key returned from getGeneratedKeys():"
        + autoIncKeyFromApi);
} finally {

    if (rs != null) {
        try {
            rs.close();
        } catch (SQLException ex) {
            // ignore
        }
    }

    if (stmt != null) {
        try {
            stmt.close();
        } catch (SQLException ex) {
            // ignore
        }
    }
}

Ejemplo 25.9. Retrieving AUTO_INCREMENT column values using SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()

   Statement stmt = null;
   ResultSet rs = null;

   try {

    //
    // Create a Statement instance that we can use for
    // 'normal' result sets.

    stmt = conn.createStatement();

    //
    // Issue the DDL queries for the table for this example
    //

    stmt.executeUpdate("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS autoIncTutorial");
    stmt.executeUpdate(
            "CREATE TABLE autoIncTutorial ("
            + "priKey INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, "
            + "dataField VARCHAR(64), PRIMARY KEY (priKey))");

    //
    // Insert one row that will generate an AUTO INCREMENT
    // key in the 'priKey' field
    //

    stmt.executeUpdate(
            "INSERT INTO autoIncTutorial (dataField) "
            + "values ('Can I Get the Auto Increment Field?')");

    //
    // Use the MySQL LAST_INSERT_ID()
    // function to do the same thing as getGeneratedKeys()
    //

    int autoIncKeyFromFunc = -1;
    rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()");

    if (rs.next()) {
        autoIncKeyFromFunc = rs.getInt(1);
    } else {
        // throw an exception from here
    }

    rs.close();

    System.out.println("Key returned from " + 
                       "'SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()': " +
                       autoIncKeyFromFunc);

} finally {

    if (rs != null) {
        try {
            rs.close();
        } catch (SQLException ex) {
            // ignore
        }
    }

    if (stmt != null) {
        try {
            stmt.close();
        } catch (SQLException ex) {
            // ignore
        }
    }
}

Ejemplo 25.10. Retrieving AUTO_INCREMENT column values in Updatable ResultSets

   Statement stmt = null;
   ResultSet rs = null;

   try {

    //
    // Create a Statement instance that we can use for
    // 'normal' result sets as well as an 'updatable'
    // one, assuming you have a Connection 'conn' to
    // a MySQL database already available
    //

    stmt = conn.createStatement(java.sql.ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,
                                java.sql.ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);

    //
    // Issue the DDL queries for the table for this example
    //

    stmt.executeUpdate("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS autoIncTutorial");
    stmt.executeUpdate(
            "CREATE TABLE autoIncTutorial ("
            + "priKey INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, "
            + "dataField VARCHAR(64), PRIMARY KEY (priKey))");

    //
    // Example of retrieving an AUTO INCREMENT key
    // from an updatable result set
    //

    rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT priKey, dataField "
       + "FROM autoIncTutorial");

    rs.moveToInsertRow();

    rs.updateString("dataField", "AUTO INCREMENT here?");
    rs.insertRow();

    //
    // the driver adds rows at the end
    //

    rs.last();

    //
    // We should now be on the row we just inserted
    //

    int autoIncKeyFromRS = rs.getInt("priKey");

    rs.close();

    rs = null;

    System.out.println("Key returned for inserted row: "
        + autoIncKeyFromRS);

} finally {

    if (rs != null) {
        try {
            rs.close();
        } catch (SQLException ex) {
            // ignore
        }
    }

    if (stmt != null) {
        try {
            stmt.close();
        } catch (SQLException ex) {
            // ignore
        }
    }
}

When you run the preceding example code, you should get the following output: Key returned from getGeneratedKeys(): 1 Key returned from SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID(): 1 Key returned for inserted row: 2 You should be aware, that at times, it can be tricky to use the SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID() query, as that function's value is scoped to a connection. So, if some other query happens on the same connection, the value will be overwritten. On the other hand, the getGeneratedKeys() method is scoped by the Statement instance, so it can be used even if other queries happen on the same connection, but not on the same Statement instance.

Ésta es una traducción del manual de referencia de MySQL, que puede encontrarse en dev.mysql.com. El manual de referencia original de MySQL está escrito en inglés, y esta traducción no necesariamente está tan actualizada como la versión original. Para cualquier sugerencia sobre la traducción y para señalar errores de cualquier tipo, no dude en dirigirse a mysql-es@vespito.com.