Package: org.apache.groovy.util.concurrent

## [Java] Class ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<K, V>

- org.apache.groovy.util.concurrent.ConcurrentReferenceHashMap

- All Implemented Interfaces and Traits:
    Serializable

      public class ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<K, V>
      extends AbstractMap
      implements Serializable

  An advanced hash table supporting configurable garbage collection semantics of keys and values, optional referential-equality, full concurrency of retrievals, and adjustable expected concurrency for updates.

  This table is designed around specific advanced use-cases. If there is any doubt whether this table is for you, you most likely should be using ConcurrentHashMap instead.

  This table supports strong, weak, and soft keys and values. By default keys are weak, and values are strong. Such a configuration offers similar behavior to WeakHashMap, entries of this table are periodically removed once their corresponding keys are no longer referenced outside of this table. In other words, this table will not prevent a key from being discarded by the garbage collector. Once a key has been discarded by the collector, the corresponding entry is no longer visible to this table; however, the entry may occupy space until a future table operation decides to reclaim it. For this reason, summary functions such as `size` and `isEmpty` might return a value greater than the observed number of entries. In order to support a high level of concurrency, stale entries are only reclaimed during blocking (usually mutating) operations.

  Enabling soft keys allows entries in this table to remain until their space is absolutely needed by the garbage collector. This is unlike weak keys which can be reclaimed as soon as they are no longer referenced by a normal strong reference. The primary use case for soft keys is a cache, which ideally occupies memory that is not in use for as long as possible.

  By default, values are held using a normal strong reference. This provides the commonly desired guarantee that a value will always have at least the same life-span as its key. For this reason, care should be taken to ensure that a value never refers, either directly or indirectly, to its key, thereby preventing reclamation. If this is unavoidable, then it is recommended to use the same reference type in use for the key. However, it should be noted that non-strong values may disappear before their corresponding key.

  While this table does allow the use of both strong keys and values, it is recommended you use ConcurrentHashMap for such a configuration, since it is optimized for that case.

  Just like ConcurrentHashMap, this class obeys the same functional specification as Hashtable, and includes versions of methods corresponding to each method of `Hashtable`. However, even though all operations are thread-safe, retrieval operations do not entail locking, and there is not any support for locking the entire table in a way that prevents all access. This class is fully interoperable with `Hashtable` in programs that rely on its thread safety but not on its synchronization details.

  Retrieval operations (including `get`) generally do not block, so they may overlap with update operations (including `put` and `remove`). Retrievals reflect the results of the most recently completed update operations holding upon their onset. For aggregate operations such as `putAll` and `clear`, concurrent retrievals may reflect insertion or removal of only some entries. Similarly, Iterators and Enumerations return elements reflecting the state of the hash table at some point at or since the creation of the iterator/enumeration. They do not throw ConcurrentModificationException. However, iterators are designed to be used by only one thread at a time.

  The allowed concurrency among update operations is guided by the optional `concurrencyLevel` constructor argument (default `16`), which is used as a hint for internal sizing. The table is internally partitioned to try to permit the indicated number of concurrent updates without contention. Because placement in hash tables is essentially random, the actual concurrency will vary. Ideally, you should choose a value to accommodate as many threads as will ever concurrently modify the table. Using a significantly higher value than you need can waste space and time, and a significantly lower value can lead to thread contention. But overestimates and underestimates within an order of magnitude do not usually have much noticeable impact. A value of one is appropriate when it is known that only one thread will modify and all others will only read. Also, resizing this or any other kind of hash table is a relatively slow operation, so, when possible, it is a good idea that you provide estimates of expected table sizes in constructors.

  This class and its views and iterators implement all of the optional methods of the Map and Iterator interfaces.

  Like Hashtable but unlike HashMap, this class does not allow `null` to be used as a key or value.

  This class is a member of the Java Collections Framework.

  Type Parameters:
    `K` - the type of keys maintained by this map
    `V` - the type of mapped values
  Authors:
    Doug Lea
    Jason T. Greene

- - ### Nested Class Summary

    Nested classes
    Modifiers | Name | Description
    --- | --- | ---
    `protected class` | `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.HashIterator` | Base iterator implementation for traversing the map.
    `protected static class` | `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.InitializableEntry` | Reusable entry implementation for cached entry iteration.
    `static enum` | `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.Option` | Behavior-changing configuration options for the map
    `static enum` | `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType` | An option specifying which Java reference type should be used to refer to a key and/or value.
    `protected static class` | `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.SimpleEntry` | Simple mutable entry implementation used by the map views.
    `protected class` | `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.WriteThroughEntry` | Custom Entry class used by EntryIterator.next(), that relays setValue changes to the underlying map.

  - ### Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Constructor and description
    `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType keyType, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType valueType, EnumSet<Option> options)` Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity, reference types, load factor, and concurrency level.
    `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel)` Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity, load factor, and concurrency level.
    `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)` Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity and load factor and with the default reference types (weak keys, strong values), and concurrencyLevel (16).
    `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(int initialCapacity, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType keyType, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType valueType)` Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity, reference types, and with a default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
    `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(int initialCapacity, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType keyType, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType valueType, EnumSet<Option> options)` Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity, reference types, and with a default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
    `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType keyType, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType valueType)` Creates a new, empty reference map with the specified key and value reference types.
    `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType keyType, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType valueType, EnumSet<Option> options)` Creates a new, empty reference map with the specified reference types and behavioral options.
    `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(int initialCapacity)` Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity, and with default reference types (weak keys, strong values), load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
    `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap()` Creates a new, empty map with a default initial capacity (16), reference types (weak keys, strong values), default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
    `ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m)` Creates a new map with the same mappings as the given map.

  - ### Methods Summary

    Methods
    Type Params | Return Type | Name and description
    --- | --- | ---
    `` | `public V` | `apply(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction)` Remaps the value for the supplied key, creating or removing it as needed.
    `` | `public V` | `applyIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction)` Implementation Requirements: The default implementation is equivalent to the following steps for this `map`, then returning the current value or `null` if now absent:
    `` | `public V` | `applyIfPresent(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction)` Remaps the value for the supplied key when it is present.
    `` | `public Set<Entry<K, V>>` | `cachedEntrySet()` Returns an entry set view that reuses a mutable entry instance during iteration.
    `` | `public void` | `clear()` Removes all of the mappings from this map.
    `` | `public boolean` | `contains(Object value)` Legacy method testing if some key maps into the specified value in this table.
    `` | `public boolean` | `containsKey(Object key)` Tests if the specified object is a key in this table.
    `` | `public boolean` | `containsValue(Object value)` Returns `true` if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value.
    `` | `public Enumeration<V>` | `elements()` Returns an enumeration of the values in this table.
    `` | `public Set<Entry<K, V>>` | `entrySet()` Returns a Set view of the mappings contained in this map.
    `` | `public V` | `get(Object key)` Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or `null` if this map contains no mapping for the key.
    `` | `protected int` | `hashOf(Object key)` Returns the spread hash for the supplied key.
    `` | `public boolean` | `isEmpty()` Returns `true` if this map contains no key-value mappings.
    `` | `public Set<K>` | `keySet()` Returns a Set view of the keys contained in this map.
    `` | `public Enumeration<K>` | `keys()` Returns an enumeration of the keys in this table.
    `` | `public void` | `purgeStaleEntries()` Removes any stale entries whose keys have been finalized.
    `` | `public V` | `put(K key, V value)` Maps the specified key to the specified value in this table.
    `` | `public void` | `putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m)` Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this one.
      `` | `public V` | `putIfAbsent(K key, V value)` If the specified key is not already associated with a value (or is mapped to `null`) associates it with the given value and returns `null`, else returns the current value. throws: UnsupportedOperationException if the `put` operation is not supported by this map (optional) throws: ClassCastException if the key or value is of an inappropriate type for this map (optional) throws: NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null, and this map does not permit null keys or values (optional) throws: IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional) Implementation Requirements: The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:
           V v = map.get(key);
          if (v == null)
              v = map.put(key, value);

          return v;
    The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties. Parameters: `key` - key with which the specified value is to be associated `value` - value to be associated with the specified key Returns: the previous value associated with the specified key, or `null` if there was no mapping for the key. (A `null` return can also indicate that the map previously associated `null` with the key, if the implementation supports null values.) Since: 1.8
    `` | `public V` | `remove(Object key)` Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this map.
      `` | `public boolean` | `remove(Object key, Object value)` Removes the entry for the specified key only if it is currently mapped to the specified value. throws: UnsupportedOperationException if the `remove` operation is not supported by this map (optional) throws: ClassCastException if the key or value is of an inappropriate type for this map (optional) throws: NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null, and this map does not permit null keys or values (optional) Implementation Requirements: The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:
           if (map.containsKey(key) && Objects.equals(map.get(key), value)) {
              map.remove(key);
              return true;
          } else
              return false;
    The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties. Parameters: `key` - key with which the specified value is associated `value` - value expected to be associated with the specified key Returns: `true` if the value was removed Since: 1.8
      `` | `public boolean` | `replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue)` Replaces the entry for the specified key only if currently mapped to the specified value. throws: UnsupportedOperationException if the `put` operation is not supported by this map (optional) throws: ClassCastException if the class of a specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map throws: NullPointerException if a specified key or newValue is null, and this map does not permit null keys or values throws: NullPointerException if oldValue is null and this map does not permit null values (optional) throws: IllegalArgumentException if some property of a specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map Implementation Requirements: The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:
           if (map.containsKey(key) && Objects.equals(map.get(key), oldValue)) {
              map.put(key, newValue);
              return true;
          } else
              return false;
    The default implementation does not throw NullPointerException for maps that do not support null values if oldValue is null unless newValue is also null. The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties. Parameters: `key` - key with which the specified value is associated `oldValue` - value expected to be associated with the specified key `newValue` - value to be associated with the specified key Returns: `true` if the value was replaced Since: 1.8
      `` | `public V` | `replace(K key, V value)` Replaces the entry for the specified key only if it is currently mapped to some value. throws: UnsupportedOperationException if the `put` operation is not supported by this map (optional) throws: ClassCastException if the class of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional) throws: NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null, and this map does not permit null keys or values throws: IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map Implementation Requirements: The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:
           if (map.containsKey(key)) {
              return map.put(key, value);
          } else
              return null;
    The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties. Parameters: `key` - key with which the specified value is associated `value` - value to be associated with the specified key Returns: the previous value associated with the specified key, or `null` if there was no mapping for the key. (A `null` return can also indicate that the map previously associated `null` with the key, if the implementation supports null values.) Since: 1.8
    `` | `public int` | `size()` Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.
    `` | `public Collection<V>` | `values()` Returns a Collection view of the values contained in this map.

  - ### Inherited Methods Summary

    Inherited Methods
    Methods inherited from class | Name
    --- | ---
    `class AbstractMap` | `clear, compute, computeIfAbsent, computeIfPresent, containsKey, containsValue, entrySet, equals, forEach, get, getClass, getOrDefault, hashCode, isEmpty, keySet, merge, notify, notifyAll, put, putAll, putIfAbsent, remove, remove, replace, replace, replaceAll, size, toString, values, wait, wait, wait`

- - ### Constructor Detail

    - #### public ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType keyType, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType valueType, EnumSet<Option> options)

      Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity, reference types, load factor, and concurrency level.

      Behavioral changing options such as Option.IDENTITY_COMPARISONS can also be specified.

      throws:
        IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative or the load factor or concurrencyLevel are nonpositive.
      Parameters:
        `initialCapacity` - the initial capacity. The implementation performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.
        `loadFactor` - the load factor threshold, used to control resizing. Resizing may be performed when the average number of elements per bin exceeds this threshold.
        `concurrencyLevel` - the estimated number of concurrently updating threads. The implementation performs internal sizing to try to accommodate this many threads.
        `keyType` - the reference type to use for keys
        `valueType` - the reference type to use for values
        `options` - the behavioral options

    - #### public ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel)

      Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity, load factor, and concurrency level.

      throws:
        IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative or the load factor or concurrencyLevel are nonpositive.
      Parameters:
        `initialCapacity` - the initial capacity. The implementation performs internal sizing to accommodate this number of elements.
        `loadFactor` - the load factor threshold, used to control resizing. Resizing may be performed when the average number of elements per bin exceeds this threshold.
        `concurrencyLevel` - the estimated number of concurrently updating threads. The implementation performs internal sizing to try to accommodate this many threads.

    - #### public ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)

      Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity and load factor and with the default reference types (weak keys, strong values), and concurrencyLevel (16).

      throws:
        IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of elements is negative or the load factor is nonpositive
      Parameters:
        `initialCapacity` - The implementation performs internal sizing to accommodate this number of elements.
        `loadFactor` - the load factor threshold, used to control resizing. Resizing may be performed when the average number of elements per bin exceeds this threshold.
      Since:
        1.6

    - #### public ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(int initialCapacity, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType keyType, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType valueType)

      Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity, reference types, and with a default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).

      throws:
        IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of elements is negative.
      Parameters:
        `initialCapacity` - the initial capacity. The implementation performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.
        `keyType` - the reference type to use for keys
        `valueType` - the reference type to use for values

    - #### public ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(int initialCapacity, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType keyType, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType valueType, EnumSet<Option> options)

      Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity, reference types, and with a default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16). Behavioral changing options such as Option.IDENTITY_COMPARISONS can also be specified.

      throws:
        IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of elements is negative.
      Parameters:
        `initialCapacity` - the initial capacity. The implementation performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.
        `keyType` - the reference type to use for keys
        `valueType` - the reference type to use for values
        `options` - the behavioral options

    - #### public ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType keyType, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType valueType)

      Creates a new, empty reference map with the specified key and value reference types.

      throws:
        IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of elements is negative.
      Parameters:
        `keyType` - the reference type to use for keys
        `valueType` - the reference type to use for values

    - #### public ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType keyType, ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.ReferenceType valueType, EnumSet<Option> options)

      Creates a new, empty reference map with the specified reference types and behavioral options.

      throws:
        IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of elements is negative.
      Parameters:
        `keyType` - the reference type to use for keys
        `valueType` - the reference type to use for values

    - #### public ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(int initialCapacity)

      Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity, and with default reference types (weak keys, strong values), load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).

      throws:
        IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of elements is negative.
      Parameters:
        `initialCapacity` - the initial capacity. The implementation performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.

    - #### public ConcurrentReferenceHashMap()

      Creates a new, empty map with a default initial capacity (16), reference types (weak keys, strong values), default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).

    - #### public ConcurrentReferenceHashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m)

      Creates a new map with the same mappings as the given map. The map is created with a capacity of 1.5 times the number of mappings in the given map or 16 (whichever is greater), and a default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).

      Parameters:
        `m` - the map

  - ### Method Detail

    - #### public V apply(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction)

      Remaps the value for the supplied key, creating or removing it as needed.

      Parameters:
        `key` - the key to update
        `remappingFunction` - the remapping function
      Returns:
        the remapped value, or `null` if the entry was removed

    - #### public V applyIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction)

      Implementation Requirements: The default implementation is equivalent to the following steps for this `map`, then returning the current value or `null` if now absent:

           if (map.get(key) == null) {
               V newValue = mappingFunction.apply(key);
               if (newValue != null)
                   return map.putIfAbsent(key, newValue);
           }

      The default implementation may retry these steps when multiple threads attempt updates including potentially calling the mapping function multiple times.

      This implementation assumes that the ConcurrentMap cannot contain null values and `get()` returning null unambiguously means the key is absent. Implementations which support null values must override this default implementation.

    - #### public V applyIfPresent(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction)

      Remaps the value for the supplied key when it is present.

      Parameters:
        `key` - the key to update
        `remappingFunction` - the remapping function
      Returns:
        the remapped value, or `null` if the entry was absent or removed

    - #### public Set<Entry<K, V>> cachedEntrySet()

      Returns an entry set view that reuses a mutable entry instance during iteration.

      Returns:
        the cached entry set view

    - #### public void clear()

      Removes all of the mappings from this map.

    - #### public boolean contains(Object value)

      Legacy method testing if some key maps into the specified value in this table. This method is identical in functionality to containsValue, and exists solely to ensure full compatibility with class Hashtable, which supported this method prior to introduction of the Java Collections framework.

      throws:
        NullPointerException if the specified value is null
      Parameters:
        `value` - a value to search for
      Returns:
        `true` if and only if some key maps to the `value` argument in this table as determined by the `equals` method; `false` otherwise

    - #### public boolean containsKey(Object key)

      Tests if the specified object is a key in this table.

      throws:
        NullPointerException if the specified key is null
      Parameters:
        `key` - possible key
      Returns:
        `true` if and only if the specified object is a key in this table, as determined by the `equals` method; `false` otherwise.

    - #### public boolean containsValue(Object value)

      Returns `true` if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value. Note: This method requires a full internal traversal of the hash table, therefore it is much slower than the method `containsKey`.

      throws:
        NullPointerException if the specified value is null
      Parameters:
        `value` - value whose presence in this map is to be tested
      Returns:
        `true` if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value

    - #### public Enumeration<V> elements()

      Returns an enumeration of the values in this table.

      Returns:
        an enumeration of the values in this table
      See Also:
        values()

    - #### public Set<Entry<K, V>> entrySet()

      Returns a Set view of the mappings contained in this map. The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the set, and vice-versa. The set supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the `Iterator.remove`, `Set.remove`, `removeAll`, `retainAll`, and `clear` operations. It does not support the `add` or `addAll` operations.

      The view's `iterator` is a "weakly consistent" iterator that will never throw ConcurrentModificationException, and is guaranteed to traverse elements as they existed upon construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to) reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.

    - #### public V get(Object key)

      Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or `null` if this map contains no mapping for the key.

      If this map contains a mapping from a key `k` to a value `v` such that `key.equals(k)`, then this method returns `v`; otherwise it returns `null`. (There can be at most one such mapping.)

      throws:
        NullPointerException if the specified key is null

    - #### protected int hashOf(Object key)

      Returns the spread hash for the supplied key.

      Parameters:
        `key` - the key to hash
      Returns:
        the spread hash

    - #### public boolean isEmpty()

      Returns `true` if this map contains no key-value mappings.

      Returns:
        `true` if this map contains no key-value mappings

    - #### public Set<K> keySet()

      Returns a Set view of the keys contained in this map. The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the set, and vice-versa. The set supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from this map, via the `Iterator.remove`, `Set.remove`, `removeAll`, `retainAll`, and `clear` operations. It does not support the `add` or `addAll` operations.

      The view's `iterator` is a "weakly consistent" iterator that will never throw ConcurrentModificationException, and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to) reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.

    - #### public Enumeration<K> keys()

      Returns an enumeration of the keys in this table.

      Returns:
        an enumeration of the keys in this table
      See Also:
        keySet()

    - #### public void purgeStaleEntries()

      Removes any stale entries whose keys have been finalized. Use of this method is normally not necessary since stale entries are automatically removed lazily, when blocking operations are required. However, there are some cases where this operation should be performed eagerly, such as cleaning up old references to a ClassLoader in a multi-classloader environment.

      Note: this method will acquire locks one at a time across all segments of this table, so this method should be used sparingly.

    - #### public V put(K key, V value)

      Maps the specified key to the specified value in this table. Neither the key nor the value can be null.

      The value can be retrieved by calling the `get` method with a key that is equal to the original key.

      throws:
        NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
      Parameters:
        `key` - key with which the specified value is to be associated
        `value` - value to be associated with the specified key
      Returns:
        the previous value associated with `key`, or `null` if there was no mapping for `key`

    - #### public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m)

      Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this one. These mappings replace any mappings that this map had for any of the keys currently in the specified map.

      Parameters:
        `m` - mappings to be stored in this map

    - #### public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value)

      If the specified key is not already associated with a value (or is mapped to `null`) associates it with the given value and returns `null`, else returns the current value.

      throws:
        UnsupportedOperationException if the `put` operation is not supported by this map (optional)
      throws:
        ClassCastException if the key or value is of an inappropriate type for this map (optional)
      throws:
        NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null, and this map does not permit null keys or values (optional)
      throws:
        IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
      Implementation Requirements:
        The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:

             V v = map.get(key);
            if (v == null)
                v = map.put(key, value);

            return v;

        The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties.

      Parameters:
        `key` - key with which the specified value is to be associated
        `value` - value to be associated with the specified key
      Returns:
        the previous value associated with the specified key, or `null` if there was no mapping for the key. (A `null` return can also indicate that the map previously associated `null` with the key, if the implementation supports null values.)
      Since:
        1.8
      throws:
        NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
      Returns:
        the previous value associated with the specified key, or `null` if there was no mapping for the key

    - #### public V remove(Object key)

      Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this map. This method does nothing if the key is not in the map.

      throws:
        NullPointerException if the specified key is null
      Parameters:
        `key` - the key that needs to be removed
      Returns:
        the previous value associated with `key`, or `null` if there was no mapping for `key`

    - #### public boolean remove(Object key, Object value)

      Removes the entry for the specified key only if it is currently mapped to the specified value.

      throws:
        UnsupportedOperationException if the `remove` operation is not supported by this map (optional)
      throws:
        ClassCastException if the key or value is of an inappropriate type for this map (optional)
      throws:
        NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null, and this map does not permit null keys or values (optional)
      Implementation Requirements:
        The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:

             if (map.containsKey(key) && Objects.equals(map.get(key), value)) {
                map.remove(key);
                return true;
            } else
                return false;

        The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties.

      Parameters:
        `key` - key with which the specified value is associated
        `value` - value expected to be associated with the specified key
      Returns:
        `true` if the value was removed
      Since:
        1.8
      throws:
        NullPointerException if the specified key is null

    - #### public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue)

      Replaces the entry for the specified key only if currently mapped to the specified value.

      throws:
        UnsupportedOperationException if the `put` operation is not supported by this map (optional)
      throws:
        ClassCastException if the class of a specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map
      throws:
        NullPointerException if a specified key or newValue is null, and this map does not permit null keys or values
      throws:
        NullPointerException if oldValue is null and this map does not permit null values (optional)
      throws:
        IllegalArgumentException if some property of a specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map
      Implementation Requirements:
        The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:

             if (map.containsKey(key) && Objects.equals(map.get(key), oldValue)) {
                map.put(key, newValue);
                return true;
            } else
                return false;

        The default implementation does not throw NullPointerException for maps that do not support null values if oldValue is null unless newValue is also null.

        The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties.

      Parameters:
        `key` - key with which the specified value is associated
        `oldValue` - value expected to be associated with the specified key
        `newValue` - value to be associated with the specified key
      Returns:
        `true` if the value was replaced
      Since:
        1.8
      throws:
        NullPointerException if any of the arguments are null

    - #### public V replace(K key, V value)

      Replaces the entry for the specified key only if it is currently mapped to some value.

      throws:
        UnsupportedOperationException if the `put` operation is not supported by this map (optional)
      throws:
        ClassCastException if the class of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
      throws:
        NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null, and this map does not permit null keys or values
      throws:
        IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map
      Implementation Requirements:
        The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:

             if (map.containsKey(key)) {
                return map.put(key, value);
            } else
                return null;

        The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties.

      Parameters:
        `key` - key with which the specified value is associated
        `value` - value to be associated with the specified key
      Returns:
        the previous value associated with the specified key, or `null` if there was no mapping for the key. (A `null` return can also indicate that the map previously associated `null` with the key, if the implementation supports null values.)
      Since:
        1.8
      throws:
        NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
      Returns:
        the previous value associated with the specified key, or `null` if there was no mapping for the key

    - #### public int size()

      Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map. If the map contains more than `Integer.MAX_VALUE` elements, returns `Integer.MAX_VALUE`.

      Returns:
        the number of key-value mappings in this map

    - #### public Collection<V> values()

      Returns a Collection view of the values contained in this map. The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the collection, and vice-versa. The collection supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from this map, via the `Iterator.remove`, `Collection.remove`, `removeAll`, `retainAll`, and `clear` operations. It does not support the `add` or `addAll` operations.

      The view's `iterator` is a "weakly consistent" iterator that will never throw ConcurrentModificationException, and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to) reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.