% $Id: ltubguid.ltx 135 2014-11-13 18:21:03Z karl $
% ltubguid.ltx - documentation for ltugboat classes.
% 
% Copyright 1994,1995,1996,2001,2005,2006,2010,2013,2014 TeX Users Group.
% 
% This file is part of the tugboat package.
% 
% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
% The latest version of this license is in
%   http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
% version 2003/12/01 or later.
%
% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
% 
% The Current Maintainer of this work is the TeX Users Group
% (http://tug.org/TUGboat).
%
% The list of all files belonging to the distribution is
% given in the file `manifest.txt'. 
%
% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution 
% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with 
% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
%  tubguide.bib -- the bibliography for this paper (apart from the
%  references to TUGboat itself)
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
\begin{filecontents}{tubguide.bib}
% BibTeX bibliography file (generated by aux2bib)

@Misc{Arseneau:url:1996,
  author = {Donald Arseneau},
  title = {The {\textsf{url}} package},
  year = {1996},
  howpublished = {Available from {\CTAN}, {\CTANref{url}}}
}

@Article{Baxter:TB15-3-331,
  author = {William Erik Baxter},
  title = {{{An object-oriented programming system in {\TeX}}}},
  journal = {{\TUB}},
  year = {1994},
  month = {September},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  pages = {331--338}
}

@Misc{Duggan:moreverb:1996,
  author = {Angus Duggan and Rainer Sch{\umlaut{o}}pf and Victor Eijkhout and
    Robin Fairbairns},
  title = {The {\textsf{moreverb}} package},
  year = {1997},
  howpublished = {Available from {\CTAN}, {\CTANref{moreverb}}}
}

@Misc{Rahtz:hyperref:1997,
  author = {Sebastian Rahtz and Heiko Oberdiek},
  title = {The {\textsf{hyperref}} system},
  year = 1997,
  howpublished = {Available from {\CTAN}, {\CTANref{hyperref}}}
}

@Book{Lamport:1994,
  author = {Leslie Lamport},
  title = {{\LaTeX}: A Document Preparation System},
  edition = {\nth{2}},
  year = {1994},
  publisher = {Addison-Wesley}
}

@Article{Ogawa:TB15-3-325,
  author = {Arthur Ogawa},
  title = {{{Object-oriented programming, descriptive markup, and {\TeX}}}},
  journal = {{\TUB}},
  year = {1994},
  month = {September},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  pages = {325--330}
}

@Article{Rowley:TB15-1-63,
  author = {Chris Rowley},
  title = {{{{\LaTeXe} update, dateline: 31 January 1994}}},
  journal = {{\TUB}},
  year = {1994},
  month = {March},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {63}
}

@Misc{Schoepf:verbatim:1996,
  author = {Rainer Sch{\umlaut{o}}pf},
  title = {The {\textsf{verbatim}} package},
  year = {1996},
  month = {June},
  howpublished = {Part of the \textsf{tools} bundle, available from {\CTAN},
  {\CTANref{tools}}}
}

@Article{Swift:TB16-3-269,
  author = {Matt Swift},
  title = {Modularity in {\LaTeX}},
  journal = {{\TUB}},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {16},
  number = {3},
  pages = {269--275}
}

@Misc{Vieth:mflogo:1995,
  author = {Ulrik Vieth},
  title = {The {\textsf{mflogo}} package},
  year = {1995},
  howpublished = {Available from {\CTAN}, {\CTANref{mflogo}}}
}

@Article{Whitney:TB10-3-378,
  author = {Ron Whitney and Barbara Beeton},
  title = {{{{\TUB} authors' guide}}},
  journal = {{\TUB}},
  year = {1989},
  month = {November},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {378--385}
}

\end{filecontents}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% ctandir.sty -- an experimental style file to go with Donald
% Arseneau's url.sty to perform some of the functions that we use the
% \FAQverb stuff in the UK TUG FAQ for
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
\begin{filecontents}{ctandir.sty}
%
% Experimental CTAN location information macros for use with Donald
% Arseneau's |url.sty|
%
% we need url.sty; we can rely on it to demand anything it needs of
% LaTeX
\IfFileExists{url.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{url}}%
  {\PackageWarning{ctandir}{You should acquire a copy of url.sty}%
   \newcommand\urldef[3]{\def#1{\texttt{#3}}}%
   \let\url\texttt
  }
%
\newcommand\CTANdirectory[1]{\expandafter\urldef
  \csname CTAN@#1\endcsname\path}
\newcommand\CTANfile[1]{\expandafter\urldef
  \csname CTAN@#1\endcsname\path}
%
% Use the standard label-referencing mechanism to get the warning for
% an undefined label
\newcommand\CTANref[1]{\expandafter\@setref\csname CTAN@#1\endcsname
  \relax{#1}}
\end{filecontents}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
\documentclass[harvardcite,final]{ltugboat}
\usepackage{microtype}
\usepackage{ctandir}
\IfFileExists{booktabs.sty}%
  {\usepackage{booktabs}}%
  {\let\midrule\hline}
%
% imperfectly broken pages are ok.
\vbadness=10000
%
% define CTAN addresses using the commands of the |ctandir| package
\CTANdirectory{bibextract}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibextract}
\CTANdirectory{mflogo}{macros/latex/contrib/mflogo}
\CTANdirectory{moreverb}{macros/latex/contrib/moreverb}
\CTANdirectory{packages}{macros/latex/required}
\CTANdirectory{tools}{macros/latex/required/tools}
\CTANdirectory{tub-latex}{macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
\CTANdirectory{hyperref}{macros/latex/contrib/hyperref}
%
\CTANfile{cite}{macros/latex/contrib/cite/cite.sty}
\CTANfile{tub-biblio}{digests/tugboat/biblio/tugboat.bib}
\CTANfile{url}{macros/latex/contrib/misc/url.sty}
%
% commands that would be defined by changebar if we were using it:
\providecommand\cbstart{}
\providecommand\cbend{}
%
% ***** Commands provided by this paper *****
%
% Typeset the name of an environment, class, package, option, program
\providecommand\envname[1]{\textsf{#1}}
\providecommand\clsname[1]{\textsf{#1}}
\providecommand\pkgname[1]{\textsf{#1}}
\providecommand\optname[1]{\textsf{#1}}
\providecommand\progname[1]{\textsf{#1}}
%
% A list of options for a package/class
\newenvironment{optlist}{\begin{description}%
   \renewcommand\makelabel[1]{%
     \descriptionlabel{\mdseries\optname{##1}}}%
   \itemsep0.25\itemsep}%
  {\end{description}}
%
% A list of command names (using \mdwcmd, which as its name implies
% comes from the work of Mark Wooding)
\newenvironment{cmdlist}{\begin{description}%
   \renewcommand\makelabel[1]{%
     \descriptionlabel{\mdseries\mdwcmd##1}}%
   \itemsep0.25\itemsep}%
  {\end{description}}
%
\makeatletter
\providecommand{\mdwcmd}[1]{%
  \expandafter\texttt\expandafter{\string#1}%
  \mdwcmd@i}
\def\mdwcmd@i{\futurelet\@let@token\mdwcmd@ii}
\def\mdwcmd@ii{%
  \let\@tempa\relax%
  \ifx\@let@token\bgroup%
    \def\@tempa##1{\texttt{\char`\{}\textit{##1}\texttt{\char`\}}\mdwcmd@i}%
  \fi%
  \ifx\@let@token[%
    \def\@tempa[##1]{\texttt{[}\textit{##1}\texttt{]}\mdwcmd@i}%
  \fi%
  \@tempa%
}
\makeatother
%
% To use umlauts in a bibliography entry in BibTeX 0.99, we have to
% use a certain amount of subterfuge...
\let\umlaut\"
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{document}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
\title{The \LaTeXe\ \TUB{} Macros}
\author{Robin Fairbairns \& TUGboat editors}
\EDITORnoaddress
\netaddress{tugboat@tug.org}
\personalURL{http://tug.org/TUGboat}
\maketitle

\section{Introduction}

This is the documentation for the \LaTeXe\ macros to be used by \TUB{}
authors.  The macros represent a development of the earlier
\clsname{ltugboat} and \clsname{ltugproc} styles that were written for
use with \LaTeX~2.09; major contributors have been Robin Fairbairns,
Sebastian Rahtz, Michel Goossens, Nico Poppelier and Johannes Braams.
Many others have been involved, including Barbara Beeton, Karl Berry,
Mimi Burbank, and the \LaTeX3 team.

\section{Availability}

\TUB's web pages are at:\\\centerline{\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat}} They
include an article template, information for authors and reviewers, all
the back issues, and more.

The macros are released for general use, and are distributed via \CTAN{}
(directory \CTANref{tub-latex}) in the usual \LaTeX{} way as files
\path|tugboat.dtx| and \path|tugboat.ins|.  When the\,\verb|.ins| file
is processed by \LaTeX{}, the files \path|ltugboat.cls| and
\path|ltugbib.bst| (for use with articles) and \path|ltugcomn.sty| (a
cooking pot of perhaps-useful macros, for documentation, etc.)\ are
produced.  (\path|ltugproc.cls| is also produced for compatibility, but
is no longer used for proceedings or anything else.)

The\,\verb|.dtx| file may itself be processed by \LaTeX{} to
produce a formatted (somewhat `literate') source listing for those who
would like more detailed descriptions of the \TUB\ macros.

\section{The general structure of a paper}

The basic idea is to start your \LaTeX\ document with
\path|\documentclass{ltugboat}|, which defines the appearance of \TUB\
articles.  This uses the file \path|ltugboat.cls| as usual.

Each paper, therefore, is written as a document that may stand on its
own.  It starts with a \cs{documentclass} command, and its body is
enclosed in a \envname{document} environment.  There are some options to
the document class, described in the next section, but ordinarily the
author needn't bother with them.  The defaults are
designed for creating proof copies of papers.

The proof output differs from the final production output with respect
to page numbers and other material.  The changes required for final
production are the responsibility of the \TUB{} editors, and the author
need not be concerned with them.

\section{Class options: The \clsname{ltugboat} class}
\label{sec:boat-opts}

The \clsname{ltugboat} class accepts many of the options of the
\clsname{article} class (it suppresses the font-size selection
and one/two-side options).
\begin{optlist}
\item[draft] Set up for a draft copy of a paper (this is the default
  setting\Dash the author need not explicitly set it): page numbering
  starts at a high number, black marks for overfull boxes.
\item[extralabel] Use the extra label-distinguishing mark in the body
  of the reference; see section~\ref{sec:biblio}.
\item[final] Set up for the final copy of a paper: page numbering to
  come from elsewhere, no cropmarks.
\item[harvardcite] Specify Harvard-style citation (not especially
  recommended in general, though they are used in the present document); see
  section~\ref{sec:biblio}.
\item[noextralabel] Don't use the extra label-distinguishing mark in
  the body of the reference; see section~\ref{sec:biblio}.
\item[nonumber] Sections are not to be numbered; section heading
  layout is to be as in the `plain' \pkgname{tugboat} styles.
\item[numbersec] Sections, subsections and subsubsections are to be
  numbered (this is the default setting\Dash the author need not
  explicitly set it).
\item[onecolumn] Typeset article in one column.
\item[preprint] Set up for a preprint.
\item[rawcite] Specify default (unnumbered) citation; see
  section~\ref{sec:biblio}.
\item[runningfull] Information in both header and footer (default).
\item[runningminimal] Information in header only.
\item[runningoff] Information in neither header nor footer.
\end{optlist}

\noindent Again, normally there is no need to use any document options.
They are listed here for completeness.

\section{Command syntax}
\label{sec:syntax}

We would have liked to offer perfectly uniform syntax for people to use
when preparing their papers.  Unfortunately, uniform syntax is not
available with any widely-available set of macros (though see, for
example, the discussions in \citeNP{Ogawa:TB15-3-325},
\citeNP{Baxter:TB15-3-331}, and \citeNP{Swift:TB16-3-269}).  In the
circumstances, we have sought simply to keep to the spirit of Lamport's
\citeyear{Lamport:1994}, as modified\footnote{\tubraggedfoot The cited
  edition of Lamport's book documents the modified version of \LaTeX{},
  but it's worth emphasising that we use the modified version as the
  reference.} by the \LaTeXe{} work (see, for example,
\citeNP{Rowley:TB15-1-63}).

In the few cases that it has proved possible to emulate (what seems to
a staid old \LaTeX{} programmer, such as the present author) the gay
abandon of the syntax of the `plain' \pkgname{tugboat} styles
\cite{Whitney:TB10-3-378}, we have done.  Nevertheless, on the whole,
the new \clsname{ltugboat} macros simply define \LaTeX{} commands and
environments, or modify the definitions of \LaTeX{} `standard'
commands.  Section~\ref{sec:equiv} lists equivalences between macros
defined by the `plain' package and those defined by the new package.

The `down' side of this decision is, of course, the `welter of
\LaTeX{} braces' that Barbara Beeton has been heard to complain of in
production team discussions.  One has to hope that the (near)
uniformity of syntax offers those who think like Barbara some small
recompense!

\section{Divisions of the paper}
\label{sec:divs-paper}

Papers in \TUB{} may be subdivided in the normal way of a \LaTeX{}
article (the classes are defined in terms of \LaTeX{}'s
\clsname{article} class).  Thus the author may use \cs{section},
\cs{subsection}, \dots, \cs{paragraph} commands (but \cs{part} and
\cs{subparagraph} from \clsname{article} are suppressed, and
\cs{chapter}, which doesn't even appear in the parent class, receives
the same treatment).

Authors should note that the style of ordinary issues of \TUB{} makes
no distinction between the titles of the divisions; the visual style
relies on the section numbers to indicate where the divisions lie in
the hierarchy.  As a result, the un-numbered `\verb|*|' forms of the
\cs{section}, etc., commands, are inappropriate.  The
\clsname{ltugboat} class therefore warns the author who (possibly
inadvertently) uses one of these forms.  (An author who wishes to use
un-numbered sections throughout the paper may use the
\optname{nonumber} class option (see~\ref{sec:boat-opts}).

Reference may, however, be made to the `title' of divisions of the
paper, whether they are numbered or not.  The \cs{nameref} command
(which uses the technique developed for the \textsf{hyperref} package
\cite{Rahtz:hyperref:1997}) permits such references; for example, the
present section was introduced by:
\begin{verbatim}[\small]
  \section{Divisions of the paper}
  \label{sec:divs-paper}
\end{verbatim}
and the command \verb|\nameref{sec:divs-paper}| produces
`\nameref{sec:divs-paper}'.

\subsection{Abstracts}

The classes make provision for abstracts, but the provision is
different for the two classes.

The \clsname{ltugboat} class provides two environments, \envname{abstract}
and \envname{longabstract}.  The \envname{abstract} environment simply
typesets its body as an un-numbered section whose title is
`Abstract'.  The \envname{longabstract} environment typesets its body in
small text, and separates the abstract from the rest of the paper with
a decorative line.

\subsection{Appendices}

A paper may have appendices, which are expressed in exactly the same
way as they would be in the \LaTeX{} article class:

\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\appendix
\section{This is appendix A}
...
\section{This is appendix B}
\end{verbatim}
Which will produce `section' headings similar to:
\begin{quote}
\textbf{A\quad This is appendix A}
\end{quote}

\TUB{} articles may have a small extension to this format: this
extension was originally developed for proceedings of past years, but is
also available in normal issues:

\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\begin{appendix}
\section{This is the first one}
...
\end{appendix}
\end{verbatim}
Which will produce `section' headings similar to:
\begin{quote}
\textbf{Appendix A\quad This is the first one}
\end{quote}

In both cases, the subsections are numbered as normal (i.e., as
`A.\ensuremath{n}' in normal \TUB{} papers):

\section{Titles, addresses and so on}

The title and author(s) of a paper are quoted using commands that are
familiar (in syntax, at least) to most \LaTeX{} users; the \cs{title}
command is exactly that used in the standard \LaTeX{} classes.  There is
also \cs{shortTitle\char`{\meta{your-short-title}\char`}} to define the form
used in running heads or footers; similarly \cs{shortAuthor}.

The \cs{author} command is used once for each co-author of the paper,
and for each \cs{author} there should be a \cs{address} command that
gives a (postal) correspondence address.  In addition (wherever
possible), \TUB{} likes to quote an email address for authors: for
this, the \cs{netaddress} command is used.  Finally, each
author may advertise a `home' Web page, using a \cs{personalURL} command.

For example, the present paper has at its start:

\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\title{The \LaTeXe\ \TUB{} Macros}
\author{TUGboat editors}
\EDITORnoaddress
\netaddress{tugboat@tug.org}
\personalURL{http://tug.org/TUGboat}
\maketitle
\end{verbatim}

Lines in the title information can get quite long.
If the information being given is
to be typeset as ordinary text (as in the case of the \cs{address}
line above), it can be `wrapped' perfectly happily, as in normal text.
If one of the verbatim items (\cs{netaddress} or \cs{personalURL}
commands) is going to be too wide for the column, what is the author
to do?  (Abbreviating the text, as in the \cs{personalURL} above, is
\emph{not} usually an acceptable option!)  Unfortunately, the \verb|%|
sign is an entirely acceptable element of both email addresses and
\acro{URL}s, so that the normal `fall-back' isn't available.
Therefore, the classes typeset these electronic addresses in an
environment where some of the characters (notably `\verb|.|' and
`\verb|/|') are treated as word-divisions for the purposes of laying
out the line.

If the paper is the result of more than one author's labours, a sequence of
\cs{author}, \cs{address}, \cs{netaddress} and \cs{personalURL}
commands may be given, as in the following, which comes from a paper
given at \tug'95 (abbreviated):

\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\author{Michel Goossens}
\address{CN Division, CERN\\
  ...}
\netaddress{...}

\author{Sebastian Rahtz}
\address{Elsevier Science Ltd\\
  ...}
\netaddress{...}

\author{Robin Fairbairns}
\address{University of Cambridge
    Computer Laboratory\\
  ...}
\netaddress{...}
\personalURL{...}
\end{verbatim}

The class files will take care of arranging author names and addresses
between the \cs{maketitle} and (possibly) \cs{makesignature} commands.

\subsection{Compilation articles}

\begin{sloppypar}
  Compilation articles are built from a set of contributed parts, and
  are under the general (sub-)\penalty0\relax\hskip0pt plus0pt minus0pt\relax
  editorship of the author\footnote{Or authors: there's no reason in
    particular that compilation articles should not be put together
    by more than one person.} of the article.  The author of the article
  is presented (using \cs{author} and suchlike commands) in the usual
  way, and writes the introductory text.  Each contributors' part then
  follows.  The contributor's name is quoted in the \cs{contributor}
  command, which is an analogue of the \cs{author} command;
  contributors' \cs{address}, \cs{netaddress} or \cs{personalURL}.
  The \cs{contributor} command opens a group in which the contribution
  appears, and the contributor's signature (produced with a
  \cs{makesignature} command) closes the group.  The general scheme
  looks like:
\end{sloppypar}
\begin{verbatim}[\small\makeescape\|\makebgroup\[\makeegroup\]]
\title{Example compilation article}
\author{Robin Fairbairns}
\address{University of Cambridge ...}
\netaddress{...}
 ...
 |emph[introductory text]
 ...
\makesignature

\contributor{Betsy the Dog}
\address{Romsey Town, Cambridge}
 ...
 |emph[Betsy's contribution]
 ...
\makesignature

...
\end{verbatim}

\section{Verbatim text}
\label{sec:verbatim}

The classes do not at present provide the same wide range of
facilities as the `plain' \pkgname{tugboat} style
\cite{Whitney:TB10-3-378}; the author had hoped to `borrow' facilities
from a package which is believed to be in development, but in the
event that package has not materialised.

For in-line verbatim text, authors should ordinarily employ the
facilities of \LaTeX{} itself (the \cs{verb} macro).  This macro, of
course, is highly restricted as to its usage (primarily, that it may
not appear in the argument of \emph{any} other macro, even
\cs{footnote}).

For `display verbatim' (to employ the term used by
\citeANP{Whitney:TB10-3-378}), the classes add a small increment to
the functionality of \LaTeX{}'s \envname{verbatim} environment, by
introducing an optional argument.  The optional argument may contain
commands to be executed before starting the verbatim text; the set of
commands which have useful effect is strictly limited, but the
following are commonly used:
\begin{itemize}
\itemsep=0.2\itemsep
\item Font size selection commands: for example, all the display
  verbatim in the present paper starts with:
  
  {\small\verb| \begin{verbatim}[\small]|}
\item The command \cs{ruled}, which is available \emph{only} in
  \envname{verbatim}'s optional argument, and specifies that a
  column-wide rule should be drawn before and after the verbatim text
\item One of the \cs{make*} commands,\footnote{\cs{makeescape},
    \cs{makebgroup}, \dots, \cs{makecomment}; used, for example, as
    \cs{makeescape}\cs{|}} which change the category code of
  characters within the verbatim text.  This is (of course) a facility
  that should only be used with the utmost caution, but it can, for
  example, be employed to provide interesting effects by knowledgeable
  authors.
\end{itemize}
Two caveats about the use of this facility should be noted:
\begin{itemize}
\itemsep=0.2\itemsep
\item The search for the optional argument can be confused by the
  appearance of a \verb|[| character as the first of the displayed
  verbatim.  An author who wishes to start verbatim text with a
  \verb|[| character should provide an empty optional argument (i.e.,
  simply `\verb|[]|') to the \envname{verbatim} environment.
\item The facility is lost when certain packages are loaded.  An
  example is the \pkgname{verbatim} package
  \cite{Schoepf:verbatim:1996}, which redefines the \envname{verbatim}
  environment in its entirety.  Of course, any package that loads
  \pkgname{verbatim} (such as \pkgname{moreverb},
  \shortciteNP{Duggan:moreverb:1996}) will necessarily have the same
  effect.  (It should be noted that \pkgname{verbatim} and
  \pkgname{moreverb} provide some of the facilities that are available
  in the `plain' \pkgname{tugboat} styles, so that an author could
  reasonably be tempted to use them.  There is no objection in
  principle to authors using these packages.)
\end{itemize}

\section{Floating inserts}

The classes do not make any change to \LaTeX{}'s built-in provision
for floating inserts, so that authors may generate figures and tables
just as they would in any `normal' \LaTeX{} document.  Figure and
table captions, and labels referring to them, are also substantially
untouched.

However, since both classes typeset in two columns, authors must
distinguish between the \envname{figure} and \envname{table} environments
(which produce floats that are the same width as the column) and the
\envname{figure*} and \envname{table*} (which produce floats that are the same
width as the page).

%\begin{itemize}
%\item figures and tables as normal
%\item captions and labels work whatever (i.e., no restriction on
%  numbering)
%\item twocolumn setting implies distinction between \envname{figure} and
%  \envname{figure*} 
%\end{itemize}

\section{Special-purpose typesetting}

The classes define a rather large set of commands for special-purpose
typesetting.  Some of them are available for historical reasons only,
and many are only useful in somewhat restricted circumstances.  For
this reason, the present paper only outlines a representative, small
set of the macros.

\subsection{Acronyms and logos}

The classes provide macros that produce `correct' representations of a
large number of acronyms and logos; a small representative selection is
shown in figure~\ref{fig:acro-logo}.  The sample documents at
\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html} have a more complete list,
and of course the class sources are the ultimate reference.
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
  \begin{center}
    \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}}
      \small\textsl{\textsf{Macro}}&\small\textsl{\textsf{Output}}\\
      \midrule
      \verb|\ConTeXt|   & \ConTeXt \\
      \verb|\Cplusplus| & \Cplusplus \\
      \verb|\CTAN|   & \CTAN \\
      \verb|\eTex|   & \eTeX \\
      \verb|\FAQ|    & \FAQ \\
      \verb|\HTML|   & \HTML \\
      \verb|\ISBN|   & \ISBN \\
      \verb|\LaTeXe| & \LaTeXe \\
      \verb|\MacOSX| & \MacOSX \\
      \verb|\MathML| & \MathML \\
      \verb|\MF|     & \MF \\
      \verb|\MP|     & \MP \\
      \verb|\NTS|    & \NTS \\
      \verb|\OMEGA|  & \OMEGA \\
      \verb|\PDF|    & \PDF \\
      \verb|\SGML|   & \SGML \\
      \verb|\TUB|    & \TUB \\
      \verb|\TUG|    & \TUG \\
      \verb|\tug|    & \tug \\
      \verb|\XML|    & \XML \\
    \end{tabular}
  \end{center}
  \caption{A few of the classes' acronyms and logos}
  \label{fig:acro-logo}
\end{figure}

Authors are especially urged to note the \cs{acro} command, which is
defined in the classes.  The visual appearance of (mostly) lower-case
English text, with interpolated acronyms in the same point size, is
generally unpleasing.  Therefore, the \cs{acro} command typesets its
argument slightly smaller than it would otherwise appear: compare
`\acro{URL}' (\verb|\acro{URL}|, as used above) with `URL'\@.  Many
macros that simply generate calls to \cs{acro} are defined by the
classes; two examples, \cs{CTAN} and \cs{tug} of the list in
figure~\ref{fig:acro-logo} have already been used in the present paper.

\subsection{Other special typesetting}

A small list of special typesetting commands follows: a large set of
such commands is defined in the classes, but the list covers most of
the `everyday' ones.
\begin{cmdlist}
\item[\cs{cmd}] Typeset a control sequence name.  (The command
  \verb|\cs{fred}| is typeset as \cs{fred}.)
\item[\env{environment}] Typeset an environment name as if at the
  start of the environment.  (The command \verb|\env{fred}| is typeset
  as \env{fred}.)
\item[\meta{arg}] Typeset a formal argument name.  (The command
  \verb|\meta{fred}| is typeset as \meta{fred}.)
\item[\Dash] Typeset an em-dash, surrounded by thin spa\-ces, only
  breakable \emph{after} the dash; this is the preferred method of
  specifying a dash in running text.
\item[\dash] Typeset an en-dash, in the same way as \cs{Dash} does.
\item[\nth{n}] Typeset an ordinal number.  For example, \verb|\nth{1}| is
  set as \nth{1}, \verb|\nth{27}| is set as \nth{27}, and so on.
\item[\sfrac{num}{denom}] Typeset a fraction to match running text;
  for example \verb|\sfrac{3}{4}| is set as \sfrac{3}{4}\,.
\end{cmdlist}

\section{Use of packages}

In general, the \TUB{} team will be sympathetic to authors who wish to
use non-standard packages in their papers; indeed, in a journal
devoted to the usage of \TeX{}, the editor would be churlish indeed to
refuse such usage.  However, the team does need to be able to process
the paper on the \TUB{} production computers.

In general, packages currently on \CTAN, and known to work with
\emph{current} \LaTeX{} are unlikely to give problems.

In particular, the team is happy to accept papers using packages
that are supported by members of the \LaTeX3 team,\footnote{%
  Those in the \LaTeX{} base distribution, or one of those in the
  \CTANref{packages} sub-tree on \CTAN.} subject to the two provisos:
\begin{itemize}
\item Use of the \pkgname{verbatim} package has implications for the
  \envname{verbatim} facilities provided by the classes\Dash see
  section~\ref{sec:verbatim}.
\item Use of \pkgname{babel} almost inevitably implies use of
  hyphenation patterns that the team may not have installed in their
  \LaTeX{} format; it is therefore important that the author explains
  her \pkgname{babel} configuration to the editorial team.  The
  minimum documentation required is a copy of the author's
  \url{language.dat} file, and copies (or \CTAN{} pointers to) any
  hyphenation files used.
\end{itemize}

Usage of other packages should always be subject to negotiation with
the team.  If the team does not have access to a copy of the package,
life is going to be very difficult; authors are urged to be sensible
in this regard.  A sensible mechanism for submitting
out-of-the-ordinary packages (as for paper-specific bibliographies) is
by use of the \envname{filecontents} environment.

\cbstart
\tug{} has a policy that macro packages described in \TUB{} should be
available for readers to use.  Since typing macros from printed
sources is such an error-prone undertaking, authors of publicly
available packages are urged to submit their macros to the \CTAN{}
archives.  If a package is only available under restricted terms,
authors are urged to make this fact clear when first submitting an
article to the editor.
\cbend

Some facilities are considered inappropriate for delivery by the
\TUB{} classes, and as a result, the \TUB{} team recommend certain
packages to authors.

At present, the list of canonically recommended packages consists of
only two, \path|mflogo.sty| \cite{Vieth:mflogo:1995} and \path|url.sty|
\cite{Arseneau:url:1996}.

Both classes will load the \pkgname{mflogo} package if it is present on the
author's system; if the package is not present, the classes will
emulate its more important features; the package defines \MF{} and
\MP{} logos using recent versions of Knuth's \verb|logo10| font family.

The \pkgname{url} package is useful when one is typesetting significant
numbers of file names, network addresses or \acro{URL}s; it is being
used in the present paper (not least in the bibliography).

Although not necessarily recommended in all cases, many additional
packages are commonly used: \texttt{microtype} can help reduce overfull
boxes, sometimes it may be preferable to use the Latin Modern fonts via
\texttt{lmodern}, \texttt{hyperref} allows for many internal links and
other features, and of course individual papers may need to load
particular packages for the subject at hand.

\section{Bibliography}
\label{sec:biblio}

In short: our recommendation for handling bibliographies is to use
\BibTeX\ and the \pkgname{plain} bibliography style.  No document
options are needed or recommended.  All that is required in the article
source (as shown in the sample available from
\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat}) is the following:

\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{yourbibfile}
\end{verbatim}

The rest of this section is about cases where, for whatever reason, you
don't want to do that.

Bibliographic citations give much grief to the editorial team.  Good
publishing practice requires that there be editorial control of the
way citations in a journal are presented yet, all too often, authors
submit articles whose bibliography is formatted according to their
preference.  The important rules for authors, then, are that they
\emph{shouldn't} supply a \verb|.bbl| file (\BibTeX{} processed output),
and that they \emph{shouldn't} write out a \envname{thebibliography}
environment, but should rather submit a working \verb|.bib| file with their
paper.\footnote{The program \progname{bibextract}, available from
  \CTAN{} in directory \CTANref{bibextract}, provides a convenient
  mechanism for extracting just the relevant portions of your
  bibliography database for submitting your paper; many of the common
  \BibTeX{}-database management packages, such as \textsc{Bib}\acro{DB} or
  \textsc{Bib}Tools offer similar facilities.} As with uncommon
packages, the \envname{filecontents} environment is a convenient way to
deliver the bibliography file.

A special case is the accumulated bibliography of \TUB{}
itself;\footnote{\tubraggedfoot Available on \CTAN{} as
  \CTANref{tub-biblio}} it is always available to the production team,
so that authors may make reference to items from the \verb|tugboat.bib|
file without further ado.

Notwithstanding the general recommendation for the \pkgname{plain}
\BibTeX\ style,
two citation styles are supported within \TUB{} articles, `\texttt{raw}'
and `\texttt{harvard}' (the present article is employing \emph{harvard}
citation).  The raw citation style uses the `standard'
\BibTeX{} `\pkgname{plain}' (numeric) citation style; its modification
by use of Donald Arseneau's \pkgname{cite}
package\footnote{\tubraggedfoot Available on \CTAN{} as \CTANref{cite}}
is acceptable.  Raw citation is selected by default (by execution of
class option \optname{rawcite}).

Harvard citation may be selected by specifying \optname{harvardcite} as an
option of the \cs{documentclass} command.  The macros used derive
pretty directly from the `harvard' styles written by Glenn
Paulley and now maintained by Peter Williams; the \BibTeX{} style
derives from one developed by Patrick Daly.

The basic citation format is `author-year', but the macros are capable
of many variations: this in turn places somewhat of a load on the
author to use the correct citation macro.  The macros available are
shown in figure~\ref{fig:citation-macros}; the figure assumes an entry
in the bibliography with authors Tom, Dick, and~Harry, and with a
1990 date.

\begin{figure}[htbp!]
  \begin{center}
    \leavevmode
    \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}}% @{ $\rightarrow$ } between columns removed
      \small\textsf{\textsl{Macro}} &\small\textsf{\textsl{Output}}\\
      \midrule
      \verb|\cite{key}|       & (Tom, Dick, and Harry, 1990)\\
      \verb|\citeA{key}|      & (Tom, Dick, and Harry)\\
      \verb|\citeNP{key}|     & Tom, Dick, and Harry, 1990\\
      \verb|\citeANP{key}|    & Tom, Dick, and Harry\\
      \verb|\citeN{key}|      & Tom, Dick, and Harry (1990)\\
      \verb|\shortcite{key}|  & (Tom et al., 1990)\\
                              & [also has \texttt{A} and \texttt{NP}
                                 variants]\\
      \verb|\citeyear{key}|   & (1990)\\
                              & [also has an \texttt{NP} variant]
    \end{tabular}
  \end{center}
  \caption{The range of citations in \optname{harvard} style}
  \label{fig:citation-macros}
\end{figure}

Note that, if Tom, Dick, and Harry are a prolific team, there can
easily be more than one reference to their work in one year.  In such
a case, the citations will be (Tom, Dick, and Harry, 1990a), (Tom,
Dick, and Harry, 1990b), and so on.  These extra `a', `b', etc., tags
may also appear in the references section of the paper, attached to
the year recorded for the reference: whether this indeed happens is
controlled by the \optname{extralabel} and \optname{noextralabel} class
options.  The default state (option \optname{extralabel}) attaches the
extra characters.

Bibliographies provide further problems because they're notoriously
difficult to typeset at the best of times.  \LaTeX{} sets \cs{sloppy}
when typesetting the bibliography, but this can often lead to pretty
unpleasant output in the narrow columns typical of \TUB{}.  The author
may control the typesetting using the command
\cs{SetBibJustification}.  The classes set \cs{sloppy}, by default
(just like \LaTeX{}), but the author may (for example) say:
\begin{verbatim}
  \SetBibJustification{\raggedright}
\end{verbatim}
as the present article does, to achieve somewhat better results.

\section{Equivalences between the `plain' and the \LaTeX{} packages}
\label{sec:equiv}

A good proportion of the commands in the `plain' packages also appear
(with the same meaning) in the \LaTeX{} classes.
Figure~\ref{fig:plain-equiv} gives a brief summary of where the macros
differ significantly.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \begin{center}
    \leavevmode
    \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}}
      \small\textsf{Plain macro} & \small\textsf{\LaTeX{} macro} \\
      \midrule
      \cs{head} & \cs{section} \\
      \cs{subhead} & \cs{subsection} \\
      \cs{subsubhead} & \cs{subsubsection} \\
      \cs{list} & \envname{itemize}, \envname{enumerate}, etc., \\
                & environments \\
      \cs{verbatim} & \envname{verbatim} or \cs{verb} \\
      \cs{figure}   & \envname{figure} or \envname{figure*} environments \\
    \end{tabular}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Equivalences between \pkgname{plain} and \LaTeX{} macros}
  \label{fig:plain-equiv}
\end{figure}

\LaTeX{} itself makes comprehensive provision for lists; the \TUB{}
classes make no attempt to emulate the list facilities of the `plain'
macros.

The `plain' styles' provision for verbatim text is also somewhat
different from the \LaTeX{} approach; the \TUB{} classes offer a small
subset of the extra facilities that the `plain' styles provide; for
more elaborate facilities, the user is referred to the
\pkgname{verbatim} and \pkgname{moreverb} packages (see
section~\ref{sec:verbatim}).

Of course, the syntax of commands given to the \LaTeX{} classes is
different (as discussed in section~\ref{sec:syntax}); arguments are
(almost always) enclosed in braces, and neither of the forms of
argument provision promulgated by the `plain' macros
(\cs{macro}\meta{argument}\linebreak[0]\cs{endmacro} and
\cs{macro * }\meta{argument}\verb| *|) are provided by the \LaTeX{}
classes.

%\EdNote[Should I mention the lack of \cs{every*} token registers (for
%all sorts of instances of \texttt{*}?)]

\SetBibJustification{\raggedright}
\bibliography{tubguide}

\makesignature

\end{document}
