[![Actions Status](https://github.com/kaz-utashiro/greple/workflows/test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/kaz-utashiro/greple/actions) [![MetaCPAN Release](https://badge.fury.io/pl/App-Greple.svg)](https://metacpan.org/release/App-Greple) # NAME greple - extensible grep with lexical expression and region control # VERSION Version 9.18 # SYNOPSIS **greple** \[**-M**_module_\] \[ **-options** \] pattern \[ file... \] PATTERN pattern 'and +must -not ?optional &function' -x, --le pattern lexical expression (same as bare pattern) -e, --and pattern pattern match across line boundary -r, --must pattern pattern cannot be compromised -t, --may pattern pattern may be exist -v, --not pattern pattern not to be matched -E, --re pattern regular expression --fe pattern fixed expression -f, --file file file contains search pattern --select index select indexed pattern from -f file MATCH -i, --ignore-case ignore case -G, --capture-group match capture groups rather than whole pattern -S, --stretch stretch matched area to the enclosing block --need=[+-]n required positive match count --allow=[+-]n acceptable negative match count --matchcount=n[,m] required match count for each block STYLE -l list filename only -c print count of matched block only -n print line number -H, -h do or do not display filenames -o print only the matching part --all print entire data -m, --max=n[,m] max count of blocks to be shown -A,-B,-C [n] after/before/both match context --join delete newline in the matched part --joinby=string replace newline in the matched text by string --nonewline do not add newline character at block end --filestyle=style how filename printed (once, separate, line) --linestyle=style how line number printed (separate, line) --separate set filestyle and linestyle both "separate" --format LABEL=... define line number and file name format --frame-top top frame --frame-middle middle frame --frame-bottom bottom frame FILE --glob=glob glob target files --chdir=dir change directory before search --readlist get filenames from stdin COLOR --color=when use terminal color (auto, always, never) --nocolor same as --color=never --colormap=color R, G, B, C, M, Y etc. --colorsub=... shortcut for --colormap="sub{...}" --colorful use default multiple colors --colorindex=flags color index method: Ascend/Descend/Block/Random/Group --ansicolor=s ANSI color 16, 256 or 24bit --[no]256 same as --ansicolor 256 or 16 --regioncolor use different color for inside/outside regions --uniqcolor use different color for unique string --uniqsub=func preprocess function before check uniqueness --random use random color each time --face set/unset visual effects BLOCK -p, --paragraph paragraph mode --border=pattern border pattern --block=pattern block of records --blockend=s block end mark (Default: "--") --join-blocks join back-to-back consecutive blocks REGION --inside=pattern select matches inside of pattern --outside=pattern select matches outside of pattern --include=pattern reduce matches to the area --exclude=pattern reduce matches to outside of the area --strict strict mode for --inside/outside --block CHARACTER CODE --icode=name file encoding --ocode=name output encoding FILTER --if,--of=filter input/output filter command --pf=filter post process filter command --noif disable default input filter RUNTIME FUNCTION --begin=func call function before search --end=func call function after search --prologue=func call function before command execution --epilogue=func call function after command execution --postgrep=func call function after each grep operation --callback=func callback function for matched string OTHER --usage[=expand] show this message --exit=n command exit status --norc skip reading startup file --man display command or module manual page --show display module file --path show module file path --error=action action after read error --warn=type run time error control --alert [name=#] set alert parameter (size/time) -d flags display info (f:file d:dir c:color m:misc s:stat) # INSTALL ## CPANMINUS $ cpanm App::Greple # SUMMARY (AI GENERATED) **GREPLE** is a sophisticated and versatile grep-like command-line tool designed primarily for advanced text searching and manipulation in document files. While it can handle various text formats, it particularly excels in processing structured documents, such as source code, markup files, and other text-based content. Here are some key features that make greple especially suitable for document processing: - Flexible pattern matching: greple supports complex search patterns, including multi-line matching and logical combinations of keywords, which is particularly useful for searching within structured documents. - Region control: With options like `--inside`, `--outside`, `--include`, and `--exclude`, greple allows precise targeting of specific sections within documents, such as code blocks, comments, or particular markup regions. - Block-oriented processing: The ability to define and work with custom text blocks makes it ideal for handling document structures like paragraphs, sections, or other logical units within a text. - Multi-byte text support: greple is particularly adept at handling Asian languages, especially Japanese, making it valuable for multilingual document processing. - Extensibility through modules: Users can create custom modules to implement document-specific search and manipulation functions, enhancing its capabilities for particular document types or formats. - Colorized output: The advanced color options allow for clear visualization of search results, which is particularly helpful when analyzing document structure or content. - Integration with other text processing tools: greple can be easily combined with other Unix tools and custom scripts for more complex document analysis and transformation tasks. While greple can be used for various text processing tasks, its feature set is particularly well-suited for working with structured documents, source code files, and other text-based content where context, structure, and precise matching are important. It may not be the best choice for processing very large data files or high-volume log analysis, but it excels in scenarios where detailed examination and manipulation of document content is required. # DESCRIPTION ## MULTIPLE KEYWORDS ### AND **greple** can take multiple search patterns with the `-e` option, but unlike the [egrep(1)](http://man.he.net/man1/egrep) command, it will search them in AND context. For example, the next command print lines those containing all of `foo` and `bar` and `baz`. greple -e foo -e bar -e baz ... Each word can appear in any order and any place in the string. So this command find all of following lines. foo bar baz baz bar foo the foo, bar and baz ### OR If you want to use OR syntax, use regular expression. greple -e foo -e bar -e baz -e 'yabba|dabba|doo' This command will print lines those contains all of `foo`, `bar` and `baz` and one or more of `yabba`, `dabba` or `doo`. Multiple patterns may be described in a file line-by-line, and specified with the **-f** option. In that case, the blocks matching any of the patterns in that file will be displayed. greple -f patterns ... If multiple files are specified, the patterns in the files are evaluated in the OR and each file in the AND context. The two commands below work the same way. greple -f <(echo $'foo\nbar\nbaz') -f <(echo $'yabba\ndabba\ndoo') greple -e 'foo|bar|baz' -e 'yabba|dabba|doo' ### NOT Use option `-v` to specify keyword which should not found in the data record. Next example will show lines those contain both `foo` and `bar` but none of `yabba`, `dabba` or `doo`. greple -e foo -e bar -v yabba -v dabba -v doo greple -e foo -e bar -v 'yabba|dabba|doo' ### MAY When you are focusing on multiple words, there may be words those are not necessary but would be of interest if there were. Use option `--may` or `-t` (tentative) to specify that kind of words. They will be a subject of search, and highlighted if exist, but are optional. Next command print all lines including `foo` and `bar`, and highlight `baz` as well. greple -e foo -e bar -t baz ### MUST Option `--must` or `-r` is another way to specify optional keyword. If required keyword exists, all other positive match keyword becomes optional. Next command is equivalent to the above example. greple -r foo -r bar -e baz ## LEXICAL EXPRESSION **greple** takes the first argument as a search pattern specified by `--le` option. In the `--le` pattern, you can set multiple keywords in a single parameter. Each keyword is separated by spaces, and the first letter describes its type. none And pattern : --and -e + Required pattern : --must -r - Negative match pattern : --not -v ? Optional pattern : --may -t Just like internet search engines, you can simply provide `foo bar baz` to search lines including all of them. greple 'foo bar baz' Next command show lines which include `foo`, but does not include `bar`, and highlight `baz` if exists. greple 'foo -bar ?baz' ## PHRASE SEARCH **greple** searches a given pattern across line boundaries. This is especially useful to handle Asian multi-byte text, more specifically Japanese. Japanese text can be separated by newline almost any place in the text. So the search pattern may spread out onto multiple lines. As for the ASCII word list, the space character in the pattern matches any type of space, including newlines. The next example will search for the word sequence of `foo`, `bar` and `baz`, even if they are spread over lines. greple -e 'foo bar baz' Option `-e` is necessary because space is taken as a token separator in the bare or `--le` pattern. ## FLEXIBLE BLOCKS Default data block **greple** search and print is a line. Using `--paragraph` (or `-p` in short) option, series of text separated by empty line is taken as a record block. So next command will print whole paragraph which contains the word `foo`, `bar` and `baz`. greple -p 'foo bar baz' Block also can be defined by pattern. Next command treat the data as a series of 10-line unit. greple -n --border='(.*\n){1,10}' You can also define arbitrary complex blocks by writing module or script. greple -Myour_module --block '&your_function' ... ## MATCH AREA CONTROL Using option `--inside` and `--outside`, you can specify the text area to be matched. Next commands search only in mail header and body area respectively. In these cases, data block is not changed, so print lines which contains the pattern in the specified area. greple --inside '\A(.+\n)+' pattern greple --outside '\A(.+\n)+' pattern Option `--inside`/`--outside` can be used repeatedly to enhance the area to be matched. There are similar option `--include`/`--exclude`, but they are used to trim down the area. These four options also take user defined function and any complex region can be used. ## MODULE AND CUSTOMIZATION User can define default and original options in `~/.greplerc`. Next example enables colored output always, and define new option using macro processing. option default --color=always define :re1 complex-regex-1 define :re2 complex-regex-2 define :re3 complex-regex-3 option --newopt --inside :re1 --exclude :re2 --re :re3 Specific set of function and option interface can be implemented as module. Modules are invoked by `-M` option immediately after command name. For example, **greple** does not have recursive search option, but it can be implemented by `--readlist` option which accept target file list from standard input. Using **find** module, it can be written like this: greple -Mfind . -type f -- pattern Also **dig** module implements more complex search. It can be used as simple as this: greple -Mdig pattern --dig . but this command is finally translated into following option list. greple -Mfind . ( -name .git -o -name .svn -o -name RCS ) -prune -o -type f ! -name .* ! -name *,v ! -name *~ ! -iname *.jpg ! -iname *.jpeg ! -iname *.gif ! -iname *.png ! -iname *.tar ! -iname *.tbz ! -iname *.tgz ! -iname *.pdf -print -- pattern ## INCLUDED MODULES This release include some sample modules. Read document in each modules for detail. You can read the document by `--man` option or [perldoc](https://metacpan.org/pod/perldoc) command. greple -Mdig --man perldoc App::Greple::dig When it does not work, use `perldoc App::Greple::dig`. - **colors** Color variation module. See [App::Greple::colors](https://metacpan.org/pod/App%3A%3AGreple%3A%3Acolors). - **find** Module to use [find(1)](http://man.he.net/man1/find) command to help recursive search. See [App::Greple::find](https://metacpan.org/pod/App%3A%3AGreple%3A%3Afind). - **dig** Module for recursive search using **find** module. Defines `--dig`, `--git` and `--git-r` options. See [App::Greple::dig](https://metacpan.org/pod/App%3A%3AGreple%3A%3Adig). - **pgp** Module to search **pgp** files. See [App::Greple::pgp](https://metacpan.org/pod/App%3A%3AGreple%3A%3Apgp). - **select** Module to select files. See [App::Greple::select](https://metacpan.org/pod/App%3A%3AGreple%3A%3Aselect). - **perl** Sample module to search from perl source files. See [App::Greple::perl](https://metacpan.org/pod/App%3A%3AGreple%3A%3Aperl). Other modules are available at CPAN, or git repository [https://github.com/kaz-utashiro/](https://github.com/kaz-utashiro/). # OPTIONS ## PATTERNS If no positive pattern option is given (i.e. other than `--not` and `--may`), **greple** takes the first argument as a search pattern specified by `--le` option. All of these patterns can be specified multiple times. Command itself is written in Perl, and any kind of Perl style regular expression can be used in patterns. See [perlre(1)](http://man.he.net/man1/perlre) for detail. Note that multiple line modifier (`m`) is set when executed, so put `(?-m)` at the beginning of regex if you want to explicitly disable it. Order of capture group in the pattern is not guaranteed. Please avoid to use direct index, and use relative or named capture group instead. For example, if you want to search repeated characters, use `(\w)\g{-1}` or `(?\w)\g{c}` rather than `(\w)\1`. Extended Bracketed Character Classes (`(?[...])`) can be used without warnings. See ["Extended Bracketed Character Classes" in perlrecharclass](https://metacpan.org/pod/perlrecharclass#Extended-Bracketed-Character-Classes). - **-e** _pattern_, **--and**=_pattern_ Specify the positive match pattern. Next command print lines contains all of `foo`, `bar` and `baz`. greple -e foo -e bar -e baz - **-t** _pattern_, **--may**=_pattern_ Specify the optional (tentative) match pattern. Next command print lines contains `foo` and `bar`, and highlight `baz` if exists. greple -e foo -e bar -t baz Since it does not affect the bare pattern argument, you can add the highlighting word to the end of the command argument as follows. greple foo file greple foo file -t bar greple foo file -t bar -t baz - **-r** _pattern_, **--must**=_pattern_ Specify the required match pattern. If one or more required pattern exist, other positive match pattern becomes optional. greple -r foo -r bar -e baz Because `-t` promote all other `-e` patterns required, next command do the same thing. Mixing `-r`, `-e` and `-t` is not recommended, though. greple -r foo -e bar -t baz - **-v** _pattern_, **--not**=_pattern_ Specify the negative match pattern. Because it does not affect to the bare pattern argument, you can narrow down the search result like this. greple foo file greple foo file -v bar greple foo file -v bar -v baz In the above pattern options, space characters are treated specially. They are replaced by the pattern which matches any number of white spaces including newline. So the pattern can expand to multiple lines. Next commands search the series of word `foo` `bar` `baz` even if they are separated by newlines. greple -e 'foo bar baz' This is done by converting pattern `foo bar baz` to `foo\s+bar\+baz`, so that word separator can match one or more white spaces. As for Asian wide characters, pattern is cooked as zero or more white spaces can be allowed between any characters. So Japanese string pattern `日本語` will be converted to `日\s*本\s*語`. If you don't want these conversion, use `-E` (or `--re`) option. - **-x** _pattern_, **--le**=_pattern_ Treat the pattern string as a collection of tokens separated by spaces. Each token is interpreted by the first character. Token start with `-` means **negative** pattern, `?` means **optional**, and `+` does **required**. The next example prints lines which containing `foo` and `yabba`, and none of `bar` and `dabba`, with highlighting `baz` and `doo` if they exist. greple --le='foo -bar ?baz yabba -dabba ?doo' This is the summary of start character for `--le` option: + Required pattern - Negative match pattern ? Optional pattern & Function call (see next section) - **-x** \[**+?-**\]**&**_function_, **--le**=\[**+?-**\]**&**_function_ If the pattern start with ampersand (`&`), it is treated as a function, and the function is called instead of searching pattern. Function call interface is same as the one for block/region options. If you have a definition of _odd\_line_ function in you `.greplerc`, which is described in this manual later, you can print odd number lines like this: greple -n '&odd_line' file Required (`+`), optional (`?`) and negative (`-`) mark can be used for function pattern. **CALLBACK FUNCTION**: Region list returned by function can have two extra elements besides start/end position. Third element is index. Fourth element is a callback function pointer which will be called to produce string to be shown in command output. Callback function is called with four arguments (start position, end position, index, matched string) and expected to return replacement string. - **-E** _pattern_, **--re**=_pattern_ Specify regular expression. No special treatment for space and wide characters. - **--fe**=_pattern_ Specify the fixed string pattern, like [fgrep(1)](http://man.he.net/man1/fgrep). - **-i**, **--ignore-case** Ignore case. - **-G**, **--capture-group** Normally, **greple** searches for strings that match the entire pattern. Even if it contains a capturing groups, they do not affect the search target. When this option is given, strings corresponding to individual capture groups are searched, not the entire pattern. If the pattern does not contain any capturing groups, it matches the entire pattern. If `G` is specified in the **--colorindex** option, a corresponding capture group number is assigned as an index (0 for entire match). This will cause the strings corresponding to each capture group to be displayed in a different color. - **-S**, **--stretch** Forget the information about the individual match strings and act as if the block containing them matched. The following command will match an entire line containing all of `foo`, `bar`, and `baz` in any order. greple --stretch 'foo bar baz' The index is set to the smallest index number of the matches contained in the block. If multiple callback functions are specified, the first match in the block will be effective. - **--need**=_n_ - **--allow**=_n_ Option to compromise matching condition. Option `--need` specifies the required match count, and `--allow` the number of negative condition to be overlooked. greple --need=2 --allow=1 'foo bar baz -yabba -dabba -doo' Above command prints the line which contains two or more from `foo`, `bar` and `baz`, and does not include more than one of `yabba`, `dabba` or `doo`. Using option `--need=1`, **greple** produces same result as **grep** command. grep -e foo -e bar -e baz greple -e foo -e bar -e baz --need=1 When the count _n_ is negative value, it is subtracted from default value. If the option `--need=0` is specified and no pattern was found, entire data is printed. This is true even for required pattern. - **--matchcount**=_count_ **--mc**=... - **--matchcount**=_min_,_max_ **--mc**=... When option `--matchcount` is specified, only blocks which have given match count will be shown. Minimum and maximum number can be given, connecting by comma, and they can be omitted. Next commands print lines including semicolons; 3 or more, exactly 3, and 3 or less, respectively. greple --matchcount=3, ';' file greple --matchcount=3 ';' file greple --matchcount=,3 ';' file In fact, _min_ and _max_ can repeat to represent multiple range. Missing, negative or zero _max_ means infinite. Next command find match count 0 to 10, 20 to 30, and 40-or-greater. greple --matchcount=,10,20,30,40 - **-f** _file_\[@_index_\], **--file**=_file_\[@_index_\] Specifies the file containing the search pattern. If there are multiple lines in the file, each pattern is combined by an OR context. So the file: A B C makes the pattern as `A|B|C`, or more precisely `(?^m:A)|(?^m:B)|(?^m:C)`. Each of these patterns are evaluated independently only with `m` modifier. So if you enable some flags in a pattern, they are only valid within itself. Blank line and the line starting with sharp (#) character is ignored. Two slashes (//) and following string are taken as a comment and removed with preceding spaces. If the character at the end of the line is a backslash, the backslash is removed and concatenated with the next line. Complex pattern can be written on multiple lines as follows. (?xxn) \ ( (?\[) | \@ ) # start with "[" or @ \ (? [ \d : , ]+) # sequence of digit, ":", or "," \ (?() \] | ) # closing "]" if start with "[" \ $ # EOL If multiple files are specified, a separate group pattern is generated for each file. If the file name is followed by `@index` string, it is treated as specified by `--select` option. Next commands are all equivalent. greple -f pattern_file@2,7:9 greple -f pattern_file --select 2,7:9 Next `[index]` style is obsolete and will be deprecated in the future. greple -f pattern_file[2,7:9] See [App::Greple::subst](https://metacpan.org/pod/App%3A%3AGreple%3A%3Asubst) module. - **--select**=_index_ When you want to choose specific line in the pattern file provided by `-f` option, use `--select` option. _index_ is number list separated by comma (,) character and each number is interpreted by [Getopt::EX::Numbers](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt%3A%3AEX%3A%3ANumbers) module. Take a look at the module document for detail. Next command use 2nd and 7,8,9th lines in the pattern file. greple -f pattern_file --select 2,7:9 ## STYLES - **-l** List filename only. - **-c**, **--count** Print count of matched block. - **-n**, **--line-number** Show line number. - **-h**, **--no-filename** Do not display filename. - **-H** Display filename always. - **-o**, **--only-matching** Print matched string only. Newline character is printed after matched string if it does not end with newline. Use `--no-newline` option if you don't need extra newline. - **--all** Print entire file. This option does not affect to seach behavior or block treatment. Just print all contents. Can be negated by the **--no-all** option - **-m** _n_\[,_m_\], **--max-count**=_n_\[,_m_\] Set the maximum count of blocks to be shown to _n_. Actually _n_ and _m_ are simply passed to perl [splice](https://metacpan.org/pod/splice) function as _offset_ and _length_. Works like this: greple -m 10 # get first 10 blocks greple -m 0,-10 # get last 10 blocks greple -m 0,10 # remove first 10 blocks greple -m -10 # remove last 10 blocks greple -m 10,10 # remove 10 blocks from 10th (10-19) This option does not affect to search performance and command exit status. Note that **grep** command also has same option, but it's behavior is different when invoked to multiple files. **greple** produces given number of output for each file, while **grep** takes it as a total number of output. - **-m** _\*_, **--max-count**=_\*_ In fact, _n_ and _m_ can repeat as many as possible. Next example removes first 10 blocks (by `0,10`), then get first 10 blocks from the result (by `10`). Consequently, get 10 blocks from 10th (10-19). greple -m 0,10,10 Next command get first 20 (by `20,`) and get last 10 (by `,-10`), producing same result. Empty string behaves like absence for _length_ and zero for _offset_. greple -m 20,,,-10 - **-A**\[_n_\], **--after-context**\[=_n_\] - **-B**\[_n_\], **--before-context**\[=_n_\] - **-C**\[_n_\], **--context**\[=_n_\] Print _n_-blocks before/after matched string. The value _n_ can be omitted and the default is 2. When used with `--paragraph` or `--block` option, _n_ means number of paragraph or block. Actually, these options expand the area of logical operation. It means greple -C1 'foo bar baz' matches following text. foo bar baz Moreover greple -C1 'foo baz' also matches this text, because matching blocks around `foo` and `bar` overlaps each other and makes single block. - **--join** - **--joinby**=_string_ Convert newline character found in matched string to empty or specified _string_. Using `--join` with `-o` (only-matching) option, you can collect searching sentence list in one per line form. This is sometimes useful for Japanese text processing. For example, next command prints the list of KATAKANA words, including those spread across multiple lines. greple -ho --join '\p{InKatakana}+(\n\p{InKatakana}+)*' Space separated word sequence can be processed with `--joinby` option. Next example prints all `for *something*` pattern in pod documents within Perl script. greple -Mperl --pod -ioe '\bfor \w+' --joinby ' ' - **--\[no\]newline** Since **greple** can handle arbitrary blocks other than normal text lines, they sometimes do not end with newline character. Option `-o` makes similar situation. In that case, extra newline is appended at the end of block to be shown. Option `--no-newline` disables this behavior. - **--filestyle**=\[`line`,`once`,`separate`\], **--fs** Default style is _line_, and **greple** prints filename at the beginning of each line. Style _once_ prints the filename only once at the first time. Style _separate_ prints filename in the separate line before each line or block. - **--linestyle**=\[`line`,`separate`\], **--ls** Default style is _line_, and **greple** prints line numbers at the beginning of each line. Style _separate_ prints line number in the separate line before each line or block. - **--separate** Shortcut for `--filestyle=separate` `--linestyle=separate`. This is convenient to use block mode search and visiting each location from supporting tool, such as Emacs. - **--format** **LABEL**=_format_ Define the format string of line number (LINE) and file name (FILE) to be displayed. Default is: --format LINE='%d:' --format FILE='%s:' Format string is passed to `sprintf` function. Tab character can be expressed as `\t`. Next example will show line numbers in five digits with tab space: --format LINE='%05d\t' - **--frame-top**=_string_ - **--frame-middle**=_string_ - **--frame-bottom**=_string_ Print surrounding frames before and after each block. `top` frame is printed at the beginning, `bottom` frame at the end, `middle` frame between blocks. ## FILES - **--glob**=_pattern_ Get files matches to specified pattern and use them as a target files. Using `--chdir` and `--glob` makes easy to use **greple** for fixed common job. - **--chdir**=_directory_ Change directory before processing files. When multiple directories are specified in `--chdir` option, by using wildcard form or repeating option, `--glob` file expansion will be done for every directories. greple --chdir '/usr/man/man?' --glob '*.[0-9]' ... - **--readlist** Get filenames from standard input. Read standard input and use each line as a filename for searching. You can feed the output from other command like [find(1)](http://man.he.net/man1/find) for **greple** with this option. Next example searches string from files modified within 7 days: find . -mtime -7 -print | greple --readlist pattern Using **find** module, this can be done like: greple -Mfind . -mtime -7 -- pattern ## COLORS - **--color**=\[`auto`,`always`,`never`\], **--nocolor** Use terminal color capability to emphasize the matched text. Default is `auto`: effective when STDOUT is a terminal and option `-o` is not given, not otherwise. Option value `always` and `never` will work as expected. Option **--nocolor** is alias for **--color**=_never_. When color output is disabled, ANSI terminal sequence is not produced, but functional colormap, such as `--cm sub{...}`, still works. - **--colormap**=_spec_, **--cm**=... Specify color map. Because this option is mostly implemented by [Getopt::EX::Colormap](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt%3A%3AEX%3A%3AColormap) module, consult its document for detail and up-to-date specification. Color specification is combination of single uppercase character representing basic colors, and (usually brighter) alternative colors in lowercase: R r Red G g Green B b Blue C c Cyan M m Magenta Y y Yellow K k Black W w White or RGB value and 24 grey levels if using ANSI 256 color terminal: (255,255,255) : 24bit decimal RGB colors #000000 .. #FFFFFF : 24bit hex RGB colors #000 .. #FFF : 12bit hex RGB 4096 colors 000 .. 555 : 6x6x6 RGB 216 colors L00 .. L25 : Black (L00), 24 grey levels, White (L25) > Beginning # can be omitted in 24bit RGB notation. > > When values are all same in 24bit or 12bit RGB, it is converted to 24 > grey level, otherwise 6x6x6 216 color. or color names enclosed by angle bracket: with other special effects: N None Z 0 Zero (reset) D 1 Double strike (boldface) P 2 Pale (dark) I 3 Italic U 4 Underline F 5 Flash (blink: slow) Q 6 Quick (blink: rapid) S 7 Stand out (reverse video) H 8 Hide (concealed) X 9 Cross out E Erase Line ; No effect / Toggle foreground/background ^ Reset to foreground @ Reset index list If the spec includes `/`, left side is considered as foreground color and right side as background. If multiple colors are given in same spec, all indicators are produced in the order of their presence. As a result, the last one takes effect. Effect characters are case insensitive, and can be found anywhere and in any order in color spec string. Character `;` does nothing and can be used just for readability, like `SD;K/544`. If the special reset symbol `@` is encountered, the index list is reset to empty at that point. The reset symbol must be used alone and may not be combined with other characters. Example: RGB 6x6x6 12bit 24bit color name === ======= ========= ============= ================== B 005 #00F (0,0,255) /M /505 /#F0F /(255,0,255) / K/W 000/555 #000/#FFF 000000/FFFFFF / R/G 500/050 #F00/#0F0 FF0000/00FF00 / W/w L03/L20 #333/#ccc 303030/c6c6c6 / Multiple colors can be specified separating by white space or comma, or by repeating options. Those colors will be applied for each pattern keywords. Next command will show word `foo` in red, `bar` in green and `baz` in blue. greple --colormap='R G B' 'foo bar baz' greple --cm R -e foo --cm G -e bar --cm B -e baz Coloring capability is implemented in [Getopt::EX::Colormap](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt%3A%3AEX%3A%3AColormap) module. - **--colormap**=_field_=_spec_,... Another form of colormap option to specify the color for fields: FILE File name LINE Line number TEXT Unmatched normal text BLOCKEND Block end mark PROGRESS Progress status with -dnf option In current release, `BLOCKEND` mark is colored with `E` effect recently implemented in [Getopt::EX](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt%3A%3AEX) module, which allows to fill up the line with background color. This effect uses irregular escape sequence, and you may need to define `LESSANSIENDCHARS` environment as "mK" to see the result with [less](https://metacpan.org/pod/less) command. - **--colormap**=`&func` - **--colormap**=`sub{...}` You can also set the name of perl subroutine name or definition to be called handling matched words. Target word is passed as variable `$_`, and the return value of the subroutine will be displayed. Next command convert all words in C comment to upper case. greple --all '/\*(?s:.*?)\*/' --cm 'sub{uc}' You can quote matched string instead of coloring (this emulates deprecated option `--quote`): greple --cm 'sub{"<".$_.">"}' ... It is possible to use this definition with field names. Next example print line numbers in seven digits. greple -n --cm 'LINE=sub{s/(\d+)/sprintf("%07d",$1)/e;$_}' Experimentally, function can be combined with other normal color specifications. Also the form `&func;` can be repeated. greple --cm 'BF/544;sub{uc}' greple --cm 'R;&func1;&func2;&func3' When color for 'TEXT' field is specified, whole text including matched part is passed to the function, exceptionally. It is not recommended to use user defined function for 'TEXT' field. - **--colorsub**=`...`, **--cs**=`...` `--colorsub` or `--cs` is a shortcut for subroutine colormap. It simply enclose the argument by `sub{ ... }` expression. So greple -cm 'sub{uc}' can be written as simple as this. greple -cs uc You can not use this option for labeled color. - **--\[no\]colorful** Shortcut for `--colormap`='`RD GD BD CD MD YD`' in ANSI 16 colors mode, and `--colormap`='`D/544 D/454 D/445 D/455 D/454 D/554`' and other combination of 3, 4, 5 for 256 colors mode. Enabled by default. When single pattern is specified, first color in colormap is used for the pattern. If multiple patterns and multiple colors are specified, each pattern is colored with corresponding color cyclically. Option `--regioncolor`, `--uniqcolor` and `--colorindex` change this behavior. - **--colorindex**=_spec_, **--ci**=_spec_ Specify color index method by combination of spec characters. **A** (ascend) and **D** (descend) can be mixed with **B** (block) and/or **S** (shuffle) like `--ci=ABS`. **R** (random) can be too but it does not make sense. When **S** is used alone, colormap is shuffled with normal behavior. - A (Ascending) Apply different color sequentially according to the order of appearance. - D (Descending) Apply different color sequentially according to the reverse order of appearance. - B (Block) Reset sequential index on every block. - S (Shuffle) Shuffle indexed color. - R (Random) Use random color index every time. - G (Group) Valid only when used with the **--capture-group** (or **-G**) option. Assigns an index number corresponding to each capture group. - N (Normal) Reset to normal behavior. Because the last option takes effect, `--ci=N` can be used to reset the behavior set by previous options. - **--random** Shortcut for `--colorindex=R`. - **--ansicolor**=\[`16`,`256`,`24bit`\] If set as `16`, use ANSI 16 colors as a default color set, otherwise ANSI 256 colors. When set as `24bit`, 6 hex digits notation produces 24bit color sequence. Default is `256`. - **--\[no\]256** Shortcut for `--ansicolor`=`256` or `16`. - **--\[no\]regioncolor**, **--\[no\]rc** Use different colors for each `--inside` and `--outside` region. Disabled by default, but automatically enabled when only single search pattern is specified. Use `--no-regioncolor` to cancel automatic action. - **--\[no\]uniqcolor**, **--\[no\]uc** Use different colors for different string matched. Disabled by default. Next example prints all words start by `color` and display them all in different colors. greple --uniqcolor 'colou?r\w*' When used with option `-i`, color is selected still in case-sensitive fashion. If you want case-insensitive color selection, use next `--uniqsub` option. - **--uniqsub**=_function_, **--us**=_function_ Above option `--uniqcolor` set same color for same literal string. Option `--uniqsub` specify the preprocessor code applied before comparison. _function_ get matched string by `$_` and returns the result. For example, next command will choose unique colors for each word by their length. greple --uniqcolor --uniqsub 'sub{length}' '\w+' file If you want case-insensitive color selection, do like this. greple -i pattern --uc --uniqsub 'sub{lc}' Next command read the output from `git blame` command and set unique color for each entire line by their commit ids. git blame ... | greple .+ --uc --us='sub{s/\s.*//r}' --face=E-D - **--face**=\[+-=\]_effect_ Append, remove or set specified _effect_ for all indexed color specs. Use `+` (optional) to append, `-` to remove, and `=` to set. Effect is a single character expressing `S` (Stand-out), `U` (Underline), `D` (Double-struck), `F` (Flash) and such. Next example removes D (double-struck) effect. greple --face -D Multiple effects can be added/removed at once. greple --face SF-D Next example clears all existing color specs. greple --face = ## BLOCKS - **-p**, **--paragraph** Print a paragraph which contains the pattern. Each paragraph is delimited by two or more successive newlines by default. Be aware that an empty line is not a paragraph delimiter if which contains space characters. Example: greple -np 'setuid script' /usr/man/catl/perl.l greple -pe '^struct sockaddr' /usr/include/sys/socket.h It changes the unit of context specified by `-A`, `-B`, `-C` options. Space gap between paragraphs are also treated as a block unit. Thus, option `-pC2` will print target paragraph along with previous and next paragraph. Option `-pC1` causes consecutive paragraphs to be output as the same block in an easy-to-read format. You can create original paragraph pattern by `--border` option. - **--border**=_pattern_ Specify record block border pattern. Pattern match is done in the context of multiple line mode. Default block is a single line and use `/^/m` as a pattern. Paragraph mode uses `/(?:\A|\R)\K\R+/`, which means continuous newlines at the beginning of text or following another newline (`\R` means more general linebreaks including `\r\n`; consult [perlrebackslash](https://metacpan.org/pod/perlrebackslash) for detail). Next command treat the data as a series of 10-line unit. greple -n --border='(.*\n){1,10}' Contrary to the next `--block` option, `--border` never produce disjoint records. If you want to treat entire file as a single block, setting border to start or end of whole data is efficient way. Next commands works same. greple --border '\A' # beginning of file greple --border '\z' # end of file - **--block**=_pattern_ - **--block**=_&sub_ Specify the record block to display. Default block is a single line. Empty blocks are ignored. When blocks are not continuous, the match occurred outside blocks are ignored. If multiple block options are given, overlapping blocks are merged into a single block. Please be aware that this option is sometimes quite time consuming, because it finds all blocks before processing. - **--blockend**=_string_ Change the end mark displayed after `-pABC` or `--block` options. Default value is "--". - **--join-blocks** Join consecutive blocks together. Logical operation is done for each individual blocks, but if the results are back-to-back connected, make them single block for final output. ## REGIONS - **--inside**=_pattern_ - **--outside**=_pattern_ Option `--inside` and `--outside` limit the text area to be matched. For simple example, if you want to find string `and` not in the word `command`, it can be done like this. greple --outside=command and The block can be larger and expand to multiple lines. Next command searches from C source, excluding comment part. greple --outside '(?s)/\*.*?\*/' Next command searches only from POD part of the perl script. greple --inside='(?s)^=.*?(^=cut|\Z)' When multiple **inside** and **outside** regions are specified, those regions are mixed up in union way. In multiple color environment, and if single keyword is specified, matches in each `--inside`/`--outside` region is printed in different color. Forcing this operation with multiple keywords, use `--regioncolor` option. - **--inside**=_&function_ - **--outside**=_&function_ If the pattern name begins by ampersand (&) character, it is treated as a name of subroutine which returns a list of blocks. Using this option, user can use arbitrary function to determine from what part of the text they want to search. User defined function can be defined in `.greplerc` file or by module option. - **--include**=_pattern_ - **--exclude**=_pattern_ - **--include**=_&function_ - **--exclude**=_&function_ `--include`/`--exclude` option behave exactly same as `--inside`/`--outside` when used alone. When used in combination, `--include`/`--exclude` are mixed in AND manner, while `--inside`/`--outside` are in OR. Thus, in the next example, first line prints all matches, and second does none. greple --inside PATTERN --outside PATTERN greple --include PATTERN --exclude PATTERN You can make up desired matches using `--inside`/`--outside` option, then remove unnecessary part by `--include`/`--exclude` - **--strict** Limit the match area strictly. By default, `--block`, `--inside`/`outside`, `--include`/`--exclude` option allows partial match within the specified area. For instance, greple --inside and command matches pattern `command` because the part of matched string is included in specified inside-area. Partial match fails when option `--strict` provided, and longer string never matches within shorter area. Interestingly enough, above example greple --include PATTERN --exclude PATTERN produces output, as a matter of fact. Think of the situation searching, say, `' PATTERN '` with this condition. Matched area includes surrounding spaces, and satisfies both conditions partially. This match does not occur when option `--strict` is given, either. ## CHARACTER CODE - **--icode**=_code_ Target file is assumed to be encoded in utf8 by default. Use this option to set specific encoding. When handling Japanese text, you may choose from 7bit-jis (jis), euc-jp or shiftjis (sjis). Multiple code can be supplied using multiple option or combined code names with space or comma, then file encoding is guessed from those code sets. Use encoding name `guess` for automatic recognition from default code list which is euc-jp and 7bit-jis. Following commands are all equivalent. greple --icode=guess ... greple --icode=euc-jp,7bit-jis ... greple --icode=euc-jp --icode=7bit-jis ... Default code set are always included suspect code list. If you have just one code adding to suspect list, put + mark before the code name. Next example does automatic code detection from euc-kr, ascii, utf8 and UTF-16/32. greple --icode=+euc-kr ... If the string "**binary**" is given as encoding name, no character encoding is expected and all files are processed as binary data. - **--ocode**=_code_ Specify output code. Default is utf8. ## FILTER - **--if**=_filter_, **--if**=_EXP_:_filter_ You can specify filter command which is applied to each file before search. If only one filter command is specified, it is applied to all files. If filter information include colon, first field will be perl expression to check the filename saved in variable $\_. If it successes, next filter command is pushed. greple --if=rev perg greple --if='/\.tar$/:tar tvf -' If the command doesn't accept standard input as processing data, you may be able to use special device: greple --if='nm /dev/stdin' crypt /usr/lib/lib* Filters for compressed and gzipped file is set by default unless `--noif` option is given. Default action is like this: greple --if='s/\.Z$//:zcat' --if='s/\.g?z$//:gunzip -c' File with `.gpg` suffix is filtered by **gpg** command. In that case, pass-phrase is asked for each file. If you want to input pass-phrase only once to find from multiple files, use `-Mpgp` module. If the filter start with `&`, perl subroutine is called instead of external command. You can define the subroutine in `.greplerc` or modules. **Greple** simply call the subroutine, so it should be responsible for process control. - **--noif** Disable default input filter. Which means compressed files will not be decompressed automatically. - **--of**=_filter_ - **--of**=_&func_ Specify output filter which process the output of **greple** command. Filter command can be specified in multiple times, and they are invoked for each file to be processed. So next command reset the line number for each file. greple --of 'cat -n' string file1 file2 ... If the filter start with `&`, perl subroutine is called instead of external command. You can define the subroutine in `.greplerc` or modules. Output filter command is executed only when matched string exists to avoid invoking many unnecessary processes. No effect for option `-l` and `-c`. - **--pf**=_filter_ - **--pf**=_&func_ Similar to `--of` filter but invoked just once and takes care of entire output from **greple** command. ## RUNTIME FUNCTIONS - **--begin**=_function_(_..._) - **--begin**=_function_=_..._ Option `--begin` specify the function executed at the beginning of each file processing. This _function_ have to be called from **main** package. So if you define the function in the module package, use the full package name or export properly. If the function dies with a message starting with a word "SKIP" (`/^SKIP/i`), that file is simply skipped. So you can control if the file is to be processed using the file name or content. To see the message, use `--warn begin=1` option. For example, using next function, only perl related files will be processed. sub is_perl { my %arg = @_; my $name = delete $arg{&FILELABEL} or die; $name =~ /\.(?:pm|pl|PL|pod)$/ or /\A#!.*\bperl/ or die "skip $name\n"; } 1; __DATA__ option default --filestyle=once --format FILE='\n%s:\n' autoload -Mdig --dig option --perl $ --begin &__PACKAGE__::is_perl --dig . - **--end**=_function_(_..._) - **--end**=_function_=_..._ Option `--end` is almost same as `--begin`, except that the function is called after the file processing. - **--prologue**=_function_(_..._) - **--prologue**=_function_=_..._ - **--epilogue**=_function_(_..._) - **--epilogue**=_function_=_..._ Option `--prologue` and `--epilogue` specify functions called before and after processing. During the execution, file is not opened and therefore, file name is not given to those functions. - **--postgrep**=_function_(_..._) - **--postgrep**=_function_=_..._ Specify the function called after each search operation. Funciton is called with `App::Greple::Grep` object which cotains all information about the search. This interface highly depends on the internal structure, so use with the utmost caution. - **--callback**=_function_(_..._) Callback function is called before printing every matched pattern with four labeled parameters: **start**, **end**, **index** and **match**, which corresponds to start and end position in the text, pattern index, and the matched string. Matched string in the text is replaced by returned string from the function. Multiple functions can be specified, and if there are multiple search patterns, they are applied in order and cyclically. - **-M**_module_::_function(...)_ - **-M**_module_::_function=..._ Function can be given with module option, following module name. In this form, the function will be called with module package name. So you don't have to export it. Because it is called only once at the beginning of command execution, before starting file processing, `FILELABEL` parameter is not given exceptionally. - **--print**=_function_ - **--print**=_sub{...}_ Specify user defined function executed before data print. Text to be printed is replaced by the result of the function. Arbitrary function can be defined in `.greplerc` file or module. Matched data is placed in variable `$_`. Filename is passed by `&FILELABEL` key, as described later. It is possible to use multiple `--print` options. In that case, second function will get the result of the first function. The command will print the final result of the last function. This option and next **--continue** are no more recommended to use because **--colormap** and **--callback** functions are more simple and powerful. - **--continue** When `--print` option is given, **greple** will immediately print the result returned from print function and finish the cycle. Option `--continue` forces to continue normal printing process after print function called. So please be sure that all data being consistent. For these run-time functions, optional argument list can be set in the form of `key` or `key=value`, connected by comma. These arguments will be passed to the function in key => value list. Sole key will have the value one. Also processing file name is passed with the key of `FILELABEL` constant. As a result, the option in the next form: --begin function(key1,key2=val2) --begin function=key1,key2=val2 will be transformed into following function call: function(&FILELABEL => "filename", key1 => 1, key2 => "val2") As described earlier, `FILELABEL` parameter is not given to the function specified with module option. So -Mmodule::function(key1,key2=val2) -Mmodule::function=key1,key2=val2 simply becomes: function(key1 => 1, key2 => "val2") The function can be defined in `.greplerc` or modules. Assign the arguments into hash, then you can access argument list as member of the hash. It's safe to delete FILELABEL key if you expect random parameter is given. Content of the target file can be accessed by `$_`. Ampersand (`&`) is required to avoid the hash key is interpreted as a bare word. sub function { my %arg = @_; my $filename = delete $arg{&FILELABEL}; $arg{key1}; # 1 $arg{key2}; # "val2" $_; # contents } ## OTHERS - **--usage**\[=_expand_\] **Greple** print usage and exit with option `--usage`, or no valid parameter is not specified. In this case, module option is displayed with help information if available. If you want to see how they are expanded, supply something not empty to `--usage` option, like: greple -Mmodule --usage=expand - **--exit**=_number_ When **greple** executed normally, it exit with status 0 or 1 depending on something matched or not. Sometimes we want to get status 0 even if nothing matched. This option set the status code for normal execution. It still exits with non-zero status when error occurred. - **--man**, **--doc** Show manual page. Display module's manual page when used with `-M` option. - **--show**, **--less** Show module file contents. Use with `-M` option. - **--path** Show module file path. Use with `-M` option. - **--norc** Do not read startup file: `~/.greplerc`. This option have to be placed before any other options including `-M` module options. Setting `GREPLE_NORC` environment have same effect. - **--persist** Use `--error=retry`. Will be deprecated in the future. - **--error**=_action_ As **greple** tries to read data as a character string, sometimes fails to convert them into internal representation, and the file is skipped without processing by default. This works fine to skip binary data. (**skip**) Also sometimes encounters code mapping error due to character encoding. In this case, reading the file as a binary data helps to produce meaningful output. (**retry**) This option specifies the action when data read error occurred. - **skip** Skip the file. Default. - **retry** Retry reading the file as a binary data. - **fatal** Abort the operation. - **ignore** Ignore error and continue to read anyway. You may occasionally want to find text in binary data. Next command will work like [strings(1)](http://man.he.net/man1/strings) command. greple -o --re '(?a)\w{4,}' --error=retry --uc /bin/* If you want read all files as binary data, use `--icode=binary` instead. - **-w**, **--warn** _type_=\[`0`,`1`\] Control runtime message mainly about file operation related to `--error` option. Repeatable. Value is optional and 1 is assumed when omitted. So `-wall` option is same as `-wall=1` and enables all messages, and `-wall=0` disables all. Types are: - **read** (Default 0) Errors occurred during file read. Mainly unicode related errors when reading binary or ambiguous text file. - **skip** (Default 1) File skip message. - **retry** (Default 0) File retry message. - **begin** (Default 0) When `--begin` function died with `/^SKIP/i` message, the file is skipped without any notice. Enables this to see the dying message. - **all** Set same value for all types. - **--alert** \[ `size`=#, `time`=# \] Set alert parameter for large file. **Greple** scans whole file content to know line borders, and it takes several seconds or more if it contains large number of lines. By default, if the target file contains more than **512 \* 1024 characters** (_size_), **2 seconds** timer will start (_time_). Alert message is shown when the timer expired. To disable this alert, set the size as zero: --alert size=0 - **-Mdebug**, **-d**_x_ Debug option is described in [App::Greple::debug](https://metacpan.org/pod/App%3A%3AGreple%3A%3Adebug) module. # ENVIRONMENT and STARTUP FILE - **GREPLEOPTS** Environment variable GREPLEOPTS is used as a default options. They are inserted before command line options. - **GREPLE\_NORC** If set non-empty string, startup file `~/.greplerc` is not processed. - **DEBUG\_GETOPT** Enable [Getopt::Long](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt%3A%3ALong) debug option. - **DEBUG\_GETOPTEX** Enable [Getopt::EX](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt%3A%3AEX) debug option. - **NO\_COLOR** If true, all coloring capability with ANSI terminal sequence is disabled. See [https://no-color.org/](https://no-color.org/). Before starting execution, **greple** reads the file named `.greplerc` on user's home directory. Following directives can be used. - **option** _name_ string Argument _name_ of **option** directive is user defined option name. The rest are processed by `shellwords` routine defined in Text::ParseWords module. Be sure that this module sometimes requires escape backslashes. Any kind of string can be used for option name but it is not combined with other options. option --fromcode --outside='(?s)\/\*.*?\*\/' option --fromcomment --inside='(?s)\/\*.*?\*\/' If the option named **default** is defined, it will be used as a default option. For the purpose to include following arguments within replaced strings, two special notations can be used in option definition. String `$` is replaced by the _n_th argument after the substituted option, where _n_ is number start from one. String `$` is replaced by following command line argument and the argument is removed from option list. For example, when option --line --le &line=$ is defined, command greple --line 10,20-30,40 will be evaluated as this: greple --le &line=10,20-30,40 - **expand** _name_ _string_ Define local option _name_. Command **expand** is almost same as command **option** in terms of its function. However, option defined by this command is expanded in, and only in, the process of definition, while option definition is expanded when command arguments are processed. This is similar to string macro defined by following **define** command. But macro expansion is done by simple string replacement, so you have to use **expand** to define option composed by multiple arguments. - **define** _name_ string Define macro. This is similar to **option**, but argument is not processed by _shellwords_ and treated just a simple text, so meta-characters can be included without escape. Macro expansion is done for option definition and other macro definition. Macro is not evaluated in command line option. Use option directive if you want to use in command line, define (#kana) \p{InKatakana} option --kanalist --nocolor -o --join --re '(#kana)+(\n(#kana)+)*' help --kanalist List up Katakana string - **help** _name_ If **help** directive is used for same option name, it will be printed in usage message. If the help message is `ignore`, corresponding line won't show up in the usage. - **builtin** _spec_ _variable_ Define built-in option which should be processed by option parser. Arguments are assumed to be [Getopt::Long](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt%3A%3ALong) style spec, and _variable_ is string start with `$`, `@` or `%`. They will be replaced by a reference to the object which the string represent. See **pgp** module for example. - **autoload** _module_ _options_ ... Define module which should be loaded automatically when specified option is found in the command arguments. For example, autoload -Mdig --dig --git replaces option "`--dig`" to "`-Mdig --dig`", so that **dig** module is loaded before processing `--dig` option. Environment variable substitution is done for string specified by `option` and `define` directives. Use Perl syntax **$ENV{NAME}** for this purpose. You can use this to make a portable module. When **greple** found `__PERL__` line in `.greplerc` file, the rest of the file is evaluated as a Perl program. You can define your own subroutines which can be used by `--inside`/`--outside`, `--include`/`--exclude`, `--block` options. For those subroutines, file content will be provided by global variable `$_`. Expected response from the subroutine is the list of array references, which is made up by start and end offset pairs. For example, suppose that the following function is defined in your `.greplerc` file. Start and end offset for each pattern match can be taken as array element `$-[0]` and `$+[0]`. __PERL__ sub odd_line { my @list; my $i; while (/.*\n/g) { push(@list, [ $-[0], $+[0] ]) if ++$i % 2; } @list; } You can use next command to search pattern included in odd number lines. % greple --inside '&odd_line' pattern files... # MODULE You can expand the **greple** command using module. Module files are placed at `App/Greple/` directory in Perl library, and therefor has **App::Greple::module** package name. In the command line, module have to be specified preceding any other options in the form of **-M**_module_. However, it also can be specified at the beginning of option expansion. If the package name is declared properly, `__DATA__` section in the module file will be interpreted same as `.greplerc` file content. So you can declare the module specific options there. Functions declared in the module can be used from those options, it makes highly expandable option/programming interaction possible. Using `-M` without module argument will print available module list. Option `--man` will display module document when used with `-M` option. Use `--show` option to see the module itself. Option `--path` will print the path of module file. See this sample module code. This sample defines options to search from pod, comment and other segment in Perl script. Those capability can be implemented both in function and macro. package App::Greple::perl; use Exporter 'import'; our @EXPORT = qw(pod comment podcomment); our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( ); our @EXPORT_OK = qw(); use App::Greple::Common; use App::Greple::Regions; my $pod_re = qr{^=\w+(?s:.*?)(?:\Z|^=cut\s*\n)}m; my $comment_re = qr{^(?:\h*#.*\n)+}m; sub pod { match_regions(pattern => $pod_re); } sub comment { match_regions(pattern => $comment_re); } sub podcomment { match_regions(pattern => qr/$pod_re|$comment_re/); } 1; __DATA__ define :comment: ^(\s*#.*\n)+ define :pod: ^=(?s:.*?)(?:\Z|^=cut\s*\n) #option --pod --inside :pod: #option --comment --inside :comment: #option --code --outside :pod:|:comment: option --pod --inside '&pod' option --comment --inside '&comment' option --code --outside '&podcomment' You can use the module like this: greple -Mperl --pod default greple greple -Mperl --colorful --code --comment --pod default greple If special subroutine `initialize()` and `finalize()` are defined in the module, they are called at the beginning with [Getopt::EX::Module](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt%3A%3AEX%3A%3AModule) object as a first argument. Second argument is the reference to `@ARGV`, and you can modify actual `@ARGV` using it. See [App::Greple::find](https://metacpan.org/pod/App%3A%3AGreple%3A%3Afind) module as an example. Calling sequence is like this. See [Getopt::EX::Module](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt%3A%3AEX%3A%3AModule) for detail. 1) Call initialize() 2) Call function given in -Mmod::func() style 3) Call finalize() # HISTORY Most capability of **greple** is derived from **mg** command, which has been developing from early 1990's by the same author. Because modern standard **grep** family command becomes to have similar capabilities, it is a time to clean up entire functionalities, totally remodel the option interfaces, and change the command name. (2013.11) # SEE ALSO [grep(1)](http://man.he.net/man1/grep), [perl(1)](http://man.he.net/man1/perl) [App::Greple](https://metacpan.org/pod/App%3A%3AGreple), [https://github.com/kaz-utashiro/greple](https://github.com/kaz-utashiro/greple) [Getopt::EX](https://metacpan.org/pod/Getopt%3A%3AEX), [https://github.com/kaz-utashiro/Getopt-EX](https://github.com/kaz-utashiro/Getopt-EX) # AUTHOR Kazumasa Utashiro # LICENSE Copyright 1991-2024 Kazumasa Utashiro This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.